23 (number)

23 (twenty-three) is the natural number following 22 and preceding 24. It is a prime number.

In mathematics

Twenty-three is the ninth prime number, the smallest odd prime that is not a twin prime.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> It is, however, a cousin prime with 19, and a sexy prime with 17 and 29; while also being the largest member of the first prime sextuplet (7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23).<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> Twenty-three is also the next to last member of the first Cunningham chain of the first kind (2, 5, 11, 23, 47),<ref>Template:Cite OEIS

"2, 5, 11, 23, 47 is the complete Cunningham chain that begins with 2. Each term except the last is a Sophie Germain prime A005384."</ref> and the sum of the prime factors of the second set of consecutive discrete semiprimes, (21, 22). 23 is the smallest odd prime to be a highly cototient number, as the solution to <math>x-\phi(x)</math> for the integers 95, 119, 143, and 529.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

• 23 is the second Smarandache–Wellin prime in base ten, as it is the concatenation of the decimal representations of the first two primes (2 and 3) and is itself also prime,<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> and a happy number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• The sum of the first nine primes up to 23 is a square: <math>2 + 3 + \dots + 23 = 100 = 10^{2}</math> and the sum of the first 23 primes is 874, which is divisible by 23, a property shared by few other numbers.<ref>(sequence A045345 in the OEIS)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• It is the fifth factorial prime,<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> and since 14! + 1 is a multiple of 23, but 23 is not one more than a multiple of 14, 23 is the first Pillai prime.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• In the list of fortunate numbers, 23 occurs twice, since adding 23 to either the fifth or eighth primorial gives a prime number (namely 2333 and 9699713).<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• 23 has the distinction of being one of two integers that cannot be expressed as the sum of fewer than 9 cubes of positive integers (the other is 239). See Waring's problem.
• The twenty-third highly composite number 20,160<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> is one less than the last number (the 339th super-prime 20,161) that cannot be expressed as the sum of two abundant numbers.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

Otherwise, <math>46 = 23 \times 2</math> is the largest even number that is not the sum of two abundant numbers.

• 23 is the second Woodall prime,<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form <math>3n-1.</math> It is the fifth Sophie Germain prime<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> and the fourth safe prime.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• 23 is the number of trees on 8 unlabeled nodes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also a Wedderburn–Etherington number, which are numbers that can be used to count certain binary trees.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

• The natural logarithms of all positive integers lower than 23 are known to have binary BBP-type formulae.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 23 is the first prime p for which unique factorization of cyclotomic integers based on the pth root of unity breaks down.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• 23 is the smallest positive solution to Sunzi's original formulation of the Chinese remainder theorem.
• 23 is the smallest prime <math>p</math> such that the largest consecutive pair of <math>p</math>-smooth numbers (11859210, 11859211) is the same as the largest consecutive pair of <math>(p-1)</math>-smooth numbers.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• According to the birthday paradox, in a group of 23 or more randomly chosen people, the probability is more than 50% that some pair of them will have the same birthday.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:PbA related coincidence is that 365 times the natural logarithm of 2, approximately 252.999, is very close to the number of pairs of 23 items and 22nd triangular number, 253.

• The first twenty-three odd prime numbers (between 3 and 89 inclusive), are all cluster primes <math>p</math> such that every even positive integer <math>k \le p - 3</math> can be written as the sum of two prime numbers that do not exceed <math>p</math>.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• 23 is the smallest discriminant of imaginary quadratic fields with class number 3 (negated),<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> and it is the smallest discriminant of complex cubic fields (also negated).<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>
• The twenty-third permutable prime in decimal <math>R_{19}</math> is also the second to be a prime repunit (after <math>R_{2}</math>), followed by <math>R_{23}</math> and <math>R_{1031}</math>.<ref>Guy, Richard; Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, p. 7 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

Hilbert's problems are twenty-three problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900.

Mersenne numbers

The first Mersenne number of the form <math>2^{n} - 1</math> that does not yield a prime number when inputting a prime exponent is <math> 2047 = 23 \times 89,</math> with <math>n=11.</math><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

On the other hand, the second composite Mersenne number contains an exponent <math>n</math> of twenty-three: <math display=block>M_{23} = 2^{23} - 1 = 8\;388\;607 = 47 \times 178\;481</math>

The twenty-third prime number (83) is an exponent to the fourteenth composite Mersenne number, which factorizes into two prime numbers, the largest of which is twenty-three digits long when written in base ten:<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> <math display=block>M_{83} = 967...407 = 167 \times 57\;912\;614\;113\;275\;649\;087\;721</math>

Further down in this sequence, the seventeenth and eighteenth composite Mersenne numbers have two prime factors each as well, where the largest of these are respectively twenty-two and twenty-four digits long, <math display=block> \begin{align} M_{103} & = 101 \ldots 007 = 2\;550\;183\;799 \times 3\;976\;656\;429\;941\;438\;590\;393 \\ M_{109} & = 649 \ldots 511 = 745\;988\;807 \times 870\;035\;986\;098\;720\;987\;332\;873 \\ \end{align} </math>

Where prime exponents for <math>M_{23}</math> and <math>M_{83}</math> add to 106, which lies in between prime exponents of <math>M_{103}</math> and <math>M_{109}</math>, the index of the latter two (17 and 18) in the sequence of Mersenne numbers sum to 35, which is the twenty-third composite number.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

<math>23!</math> is twenty-three digits long in decimal, and there are only three other numbers <math>n</math> whose factorials generate numbers that are <math>n</math> digits long in base ten: 1, 22, and 24.

In geometry

The Leech lattice Λ₂₄ is a 24-dimensional lattice through which 23 other positive definite even unimodular Niemeier lattices of rank 24 are built, and vice-versa. Λ₂₄ represents the solution to the kissing number in 24 dimensions as the precise lattice structure for the maximum number of spheres that can fill 24-dimensional space without overlapping, equal to 196,560 spheres. These 23 Niemeier lattices are located at deep holes of radii Template:Math in lattice points around its automorphism group, Conway group <math>\mathbb C_{0}</math>. The Leech lattice can be constructed in various ways, which include:

• By means of a matrix of the form <math>\scriptstyle\begin{pmatrix} Ia&H/2\\H/2&Ib\end{pmatrix}</math> where <math>I</math> is the identity matrix and <math>H</math> is a 24 by 24 Hadamard matrix (Z/23Z ∪ ∞) with a = 2 and b = 3, and entries X(∞) = 1 and X(0) = -1 with X(n) the quadratic residue symbol mod 23 for nonzero n.
• Through the extended binary Golay code <math>\mathbb B_{24}</math> and Witt design <math>\mathbb W_{24}</math>, which produce a construction of the 196,560 minimal vectors in the Leech lattice. The extended binary Golay code is an extension of the perfect binary Golay code <math>\mathbb B_{23}</math>, which has codewords of size 23. <math>\mathbb B_{23}</math> has Mathieu group <math>\mathbb M_{23}</math> as its automorphism group, which is the second largest member of the first generation in the happy family of sporadic groups. <math>\mathbb M_{23}</math> has a minimum faithful complex representation in 22 dimensions and group-3 actions on 253 objects, with 253 equal to the number of pairs of objects in a set of 23 objects. In turn, <math>\mathbb M_{23}</math> is the automorphism group of Mathieu group <math>\mathbb M_{24}</math>, which works through <math>\mathbb W_{24}</math> to generate 8-element octads whose individual elements occur 253 times through its entire block design.
• Using Niemer lattice D₂₄ of group order 2²³·24! and Coxeter number 46 = 2·23, it can be made into a module over the ring of integers of quadratic field <math>\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-23})</math>, whereby multiplying D₂₄ by a non-principal ideal of the ring of integers yields the Leech lattice.

Conway and Sloane provided constructions of the Leech lattice from all other 23 Niemeier lattices.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Twenty-three four-dimensional crystal families exist within the classification of space groups. These are accompanied by six enantiomorphic forms, maximizing the total count to twenty-nine crystal families.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref> Five cubes can be arranged to form twenty-three free pentacubes, or twenty-nine distinct one-sided pentacubes (with reflections).<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref>

There are 23 three-dimensional uniform polyhedra that are cell facets inside uniform 4-polytopes that are not part of infinite families of antiprismatic prisms and duoprisms: the five Platonic solids, the thirteen Archimedean solids, and five semiregular prisms (the triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and decagonal prisms).

23 Coxeter groups of paracompact hyperbolic honeycombs in the third dimension generate 151 unique Wythoffian constructions of paracompact honeycombs. 23 four-dimensional Euclidean honeycombs are generated from the <math>{\tilde{B}}_4</math> cubic group, and 23 five-dimensional uniform polytopes are generated from the <math>\mathrm D_{5}</math> demihypercubic group.

In two-dimensional geometry, the regular 23-sided icositrigon is the first regular polygon that is not constructible with a compass and straight edge or with the aide of an angle trisector (since it is neither a Fermat prime nor a Pierpont prime), nor by neusis or a double-notched straight edge.<ref>Arthur Baragar (2002) Constructions Using a Compass and Twice-Notched Straightedge, The American Mathematical Monthly, 109:2, 151-164, {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> It is also not constructible with origami, however it is through other traditional methods for all regular polygons.<ref>P. Milici, R. Dawson The equiangular compass December 1st, 2012, The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pietro_Milici2/publication/257393577_The_Equiangular_Compass/links/5d4c687da6fdcc370a8725e0/The-Equiangular-Compass.pdf</ref>

In religion

• In Biblical numerology, it is associated with Psalm 23, also known as the Shepherd Psalm. It is possibly the most quoted and best known Psalm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Miriam Dunson, A Very Present Help: Psalm Studies for Older Adults. New York: Geneva Press (1999): 91. "Psalm 23 is perhaps the most familiar, the most loved, the most memorized, and the most quoted of all the psalms."</ref>

• Principia Discordia, the sacred text of Discordianism, holds that 23 (along with the discordian prime 5) is one of the sacred numbers of Eris, goddess of discord.

In popular culture

Film and television

• In the TV series Lost, 23 is one of the 6 reoccurring numbers (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42) that appear frequently throughout the show.

Other fields

• 23 skidoo (phrase) (sometimes 23 skiddoo) is an American slang phrase popularized during the early 20th century. 23 skidoo has been described as "perhaps the first truly national fad expression and one of the most popular fad expressions to appear in the U.S".
• The 23 enigma, proposed by William S. Burroughs, plays a prominent role in the plot of the Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.
  • The Number 23 is a 2007 film starring Jim Carrey about a man who becomes obsessed with the 23 enigma.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
  • The number 23 is used a lot throughout the visuals and music by the band Gorillaz, who have even devoted a whole page of their autobiography Rise Of The Ogre to the 23 enigma theory.

External links

• 23 facts, 23 images, 23 gallery, and links to other 23's