AMX International
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AMX International Ltd was a joint venture company established to develop, manufacture and market the AMX ground attack aircraft.
Established during the late 1970s specifically to produce the AMX, the company initially comprised Italian aircraft manufacturers Alenia and Aermacchi. During the early 1980s, the Brazilian aviation company Embraer became a member of AMX International after Brazil's government opted to become involved in the project. The company's headquarters were located in Rome. The first Italian-assembled prototype performed its maiden flight on 15 May 1984; the first Brazilian-assembled prototype made its first flight on 16 October 1985. Deliveries of production commenced during 1988; the final aircraft was assembled during 1999.
HistoryEdit
AMX International can trace its routes back to a decision taken during the late 1970s by two rival Italian aircraft manufacturers Alenia and Aermacchi to mutually cooperate in the development of a new ground attack aircraft. This enterprise had been stimulated by the release of a requirement by the Italian Air Force for 187 new-build strike fighters, primarily to replace its existing inventory of Aeritalia G.91s in the close air support and reconnaissance missions.<ref name = "bomber 289">Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 289.</ref><ref name="warwick p1545"/> Prior to their agreement to collaborate, both firms had already independently considered developing a similar class of combat aircraft. During April 1978, development work on the joint venture formally commenced.<ref name="Braybrook p267">Braybrook 1989, p. 267.</ref>
During 1980, the Brazilian government announced that they intended to participate in the program in order to provide a replacement for the Aermacchi MB-326. In July 1981, the Italian and Brazilian governments agreed on joint requirements for the aircraft; shortly thereafter, the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer was invited to join the industrial partnership.<ref name="Braybrook p267"/> An agreement was also struck to divide AMX manufacturing between the partners; for each production aircraft, Aeritalia manufactured 46.5 per cent of the components (central fuselage, stabilisers and rudders), Aermacchi produced 22.8 per cent (front fuselage and tail cone), and Embraer performed 29.7 per cent of the work (wing, air intakes, pylons and drop tanks).<ref name="bomber 289"/><ref>Gunston 2005, p. 27.</ref> There was no duplication of work, each component of the aircraft was built at one source only. The planned requirements were 187 aircraft for Italy and 100 for Brazil.<ref name="warwick p1545">Warwick 1981, p. 1544.</ref>
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A total of seven flight-capable prototypes were produced for the test program, three by Aeritalia, two by Aermacchi, and two by Embraer, as well as two static airframes. The first prototype, assembled in Italy, made its maiden flight on 15 May 1984. This first aircraft was lost on its fifth flight in an accident, resulting in the death of its pilot.<ref name="Braybrook p275">Braybrook 1989, p. 275.</ref> Aside from this early loss, testing progressed smoothly and without further incident.<ref name="Mietus p223-4">Meitus 1992, pp. 223–224.</ref> The first Brazilian-assembled prototype made its first flight on 16 October 1985. On 11 May 1988, the first production aircraft performed its first flight.<ref name = "bomber 291"/> Deliveries of production aircraft to Italy began in 1988,<ref name="Braybrook p275"/> the first examples were delivered to the Brazilian Air Force during the following year.<ref name="jawa93 p126">Lambert 1993, p. 126.</ref> On 14 March 1990, the prototype two-seat AMX made its first flight.<ref name = "bomber 291">Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 291.</ref>
Despite the pooling of manufacturing work, Brazilian and Italian aircraft differ considerably in their avionics; Italian AMXs are equipped with various NATO systems which were considered redundant in the South American theatre.<ref name="warwick p1545">Warwick 1981, p. 1544.</ref> Furthermore, AMXs in Brazilian service are typically fitted with one of three pallet-mounted sensor packages, which contain various vertical, oblique, and forward-facing cameras, for performing the aircraft's secondary aerial reconnaissance role.<ref name = "bomber 291"/><ref name="warwick p1545"/> A simple ranging radar is equipped for targeting purposes, however the specific radar also differs between both operators.<ref name = "bomber 290">Gunston and Gilchrist 1993, p. 290.</ref> While Italian aircraft are fitted with a M61 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon on the port side of the lower fuselage,<ref name="warwick p1545"/> the United States denied the sale of the M61 to Brazil, thus its AMXs are instead fitted with two 30 mm DEFA 554 revolver cannons.<ref name="jawa93 p129-1">Lambert 1993, pp. 129–131.</ref><ref name="wapj5 p135">Jackson 1991, p. 135.</ref>
ProductEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Braybrook, Roy. "Assessing the AMX". Air International, June 1989, Vol 36 No 6. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 267–278.
- Gunston, Bill and Peter Gilchrist. Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2. Osprey, 1993. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
- Jackson, Paul. "AMX: The 'Pocket Tornado'". World Air Power Journal. Volume 5, Spring 1991. ISSN 0959-7050. pp. 132–139.
- Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. Template:ISBN.
- Metius, Wojtek. "AMX IOC: Service use for Italy's new agile attacker". Air International, October 1992, Vol 43 No 4. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 222–225.
- Warwick, Graham. "AMX design reflects Tornado experience". Flight International, 21 November 1981. pp. 1544–1545.