Accipitrinae

File:Shikra (Accipiter badius) with a Garden Lizard W IMG 8988.jpg

Shikra Accipiter badius feeding on a garden lizard in Hyderabad, India.

The Accipitrinae are the subfamily of the Accipitridae often known as the "true" hawks. The subfamily contains 73 species that are divided into 11 genera. It includes the genus Accipiter which formerly included many more species. The large genus was found to be non-monophyletic and was split into several new or resurrected genera. The birds in this subfamily are primarily woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch, with long tails, broad wings and high visual acuity facilitating this lifestyle.

Hawks, including the accipitrines, are believed to have vision several times sharper than humans, in part because of the great number of photoreceptor cells in their retinas (up to 1,000,000 per square mm, against 200,000 for humans), a very high number of nerves connecting the receptors to the brain, and an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field. Eagles, such as the Bald Eagle in the family Buteoninae are also included in this family.

A series of molecular phylogenetic studies found that the genus Accipiter was non-monophyletic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The results of a densely sampled 2024 study of the Accipitridae allowed the generic boundaries to be redefined.<ref name=catanach/> To create monophyletic genera, species were moved from Accipiter to five new or resurrected genera leaving only 9 species in Accipiter.<ref name=ioc/> The southeast Asian crested goshawk and the Sulawesi goshawk were found to be only distantly related to other species in Accipiter. They were moved to a resurrected genus Lophospiza, the only genus placed in the new subfamily Lophospizinae. Similarly, the very small south America tiny hawk and semicollared hawk were found to be only distantly related to species in Accipiter. They were moved to a newly erected genus Microspizias which together with Harpagus is placed in the subfamily Harpaginae. The genera Circus, Megatriorchis, and Erythrotriorchis were found to be nested within Accipiter. Rather than subsuming these genera into an expanded Accipiter, species were moved from Accipiter to the resurrected genera Aerospiza, Tachyspiza and Astur.<ref name=ioc/>

The genus level cladogram of the Accipitrinae shown below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the Accipitridae by Therese Catanach and collaborators that was published in 2024.<ref name=catanach>Template:Cite journal</ref> The number of species in each genus is based on the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Clade

Species

The subfamily Accipitrinae contains 73 species that are arranged into 11 genera:<ref name=ioc/>

Image	Genus	Living Species
File:Gabar Goshawk (Micronisus gabar).jpg	Micronisus Template:Au	Gabar goshawk, Micronisus gabar
File:Long-tailed Hawk - Bobiri - Ghana 14 S4E3156 (cropped).jpg	Urotriorchis Template:Au	Long-tailed hawk, Urotriorchis macrourus
File:Pale Chanting Goshawk .jpg	Melierax Template:Au	Dark chanting goshawk, Melierax metabates Eastern chanting goshawk, Melierax poliopterus Pale chanting goshawk, Melierax canorus
File:Kaupifalco monogrammicus 210881889.jpg	Kaupifalco Template:Au	Lizard buzzard, Kaupifalco monogrammicus
File:Accipiter tachiro tachiro 69772947.jpg	Aerospiza Template:Au	Red-chested goshawk, Aerospiza toussenelii African goshawk, Aerospiza tachiro Chestnut-flanked sparrowhawk, Aerospiza castanilius
File:Grey Goshawk Dayboro Apr02.JPG	Tachyspiza Template:Au	Shikra, Tachyspiza badia Nicobar sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza butleri Levant sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza brevipes Chinese sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza soloensis Frances's sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza francesiae Spot-tailed sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza trinotata Grey goshawk, Tachyspiza novaehollandiae Variable goshawk, Tachyspiza hiogaster Brown goshawk, Tachyspiza fasciata Black-mantled goshawk, Tachyspiza melanochlamys Pied goshawk, Tachyspiza albogularis White-bellied goshawk, Tachyspiza haplochroa Fiji goshawk, Tachyspiza rufitorques Moluccan goshawk, Tachyspiza henicogramma Slaty-mantled goshawk, Tachyspiza luteoschistacea Imitator goshawk, Tachyspiza imitator Grey-headed goshawk, Tachyspiza poliocephala New Britain goshawk, Tachyspiza princeps Red-thighed sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza erythropus Little sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza minulla Japanese sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza gularis Besra, Tachyspiza virgata Dwarf sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza nanus Rufous-necked sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza erythrauchen Collared sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza cirrocephala New Britain sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza brachyura Vinous-breasted sparrowhawk, Tachyspiza rhodogaster
File:Red Goshawk 0A2A8403 2.jpg	Erythrotriorchis Template:Au	Chestnut-shouldered goshawk, Erythrotriorchis buergersi Red goshawk, Erythrotriorchis radiatus
File:Accipiter erythronemius Horto Florestal de Sao Paulo, Brazil 1.jpg	Accipiter Template:Au	Madagascar sparrowhawk, Accipiter madagascariensis Ovambo sparrowhawk, Accipiter ovampensis Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus Rufous-breasted sparrowhawk, Accipiter rufiventris Grey-bellied hawk, Accipiter poliogaster Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus White-breasted hawk, Accipiter chionogaster Plain-breasted hawk, Accipiter ventralis Rufous-thighed hawk, Accipiter erythronemius
File:Goshawk (20120569249).jpg	Astur Template:Au	Cooper's hawk, Astur cooperii Gundlach's hawk, Astur gundlachi Bicolored hawk, Astur bicolor Chilean hawk, Astur chilensis Black sparrowhawk, Astur melanoleucus Henst's goshawk, Astur henstii Eurasian goshawk, Astur gentilis American goshawk, Astur atricapillus Meyer's goshawk, Astur meyerianus
File:Doria Goshawk.jpg	Megatriorchis Template:Au	Doria's hawk, Megatriorchis doriae
File:Western Marsh Harrier- Bangalore, India.jpg	Circus Template:Au	Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus Eastern marsh harrier, Circus spilonotus Papuan harrier, Circus spilothorax Swamp harrier, Circus approximans African marsh harrier, Circus ranivorus Réunion harrier, Circus maillardi Malagasy harrier, Circus macrosceles Long-winged harrier, Circus buffoni Spotted harrier, Circus assimilis Black harrier, Circus maurus Hen harrier, Circus cyaneus Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius Cinereous harrier, Circus cinereus Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus Pied harrier, Circus melanoleucos Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus

Hawks and humans

Hawks are sometimes used in falconry, a sport in which trained birds of prey are flown at small game for sport.

External links

• Hawk videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Hawk photos taken on the central coast of California.