Adrastea (moon)

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Adrastea (Template:IPAc-en), also known as Template:Nowrap, is the second by distance, and the smallest of the four inner moons of Jupiter. It was discovered in photographs taken by Voyager 2 in 1979, making it the first natural satellite to be discovered from images taken by an interplanetary spacecraft, rather than through a telescope.Template:Sfn It was officially named after the mythological Adrasteia, foster mother of the Greek god Zeus—the equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter.Template:Sfn

Adrastea is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day. It orbits at the edge of Jupiter's main ring and is thought to be the main contributor of material to the rings of Jupiter. Despite observations made in the 1990s by the Galileo spacecraft, very little is known about the moon's physical characteristics other than its size and the fact that it is tidally locked to Jupiter.

Discovery and observationsEdit

File:Adrastée FDS 20630.png

Discovery image of Adrastea, taken on July 8, 1979, by Voyager 2. Adrastea is the fainter dot, in the very middle, straddling the line of the Jovian rings.

Adrastea was discovered by David C. Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson in Voyager 2 probe photographs taken on July 8, 1979, and received the designation Template:Nowrap.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Although it appeared only as a dot,Template:Sfn it was the first moon to be discovered by an interplanetary spacecraft. Soon after its discovery, two other of the inner moons of Jupiter (Thebe and Metis) were observed in the images taken a few months earlier by Voyager 1. The Galileo spacecraft was able to determine the moon's shape in 1998, but the images remain poor.Template:Sfn In 1983, Adrastea was officially named after the Greek nymph Adrastea, the daughter of Zeus and his lover Ananke.Template:Sfn

Although the Juno orbiter, which arrived at Jupiter in 2016, has a camera called JunoCam, it is almost entirely focused on observations of Jupiter itself. However, if all goes well, it should be able to capture some limited images of the moons Metis and Adrastea.<ref>JunoCam: Science and Outreach Opportunities with Juno Hansen, C. J.; Orton, G. S. American Geophysical Union 12/2015</ref>

Physical characteristicsEdit

Adrastea has an irregular shape and measures 20×16×14 km across.Template:Sfn A surface area estimate would be between 840 and 1,600 (~1,200) km². This makes it the smallest of the four inner moons. The bulk, composition, and mass of Adrastea are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea,Template:Sfn around 0.86 g/cm³,Template:Sfn its mass can be estimated at 2Template:E-sp kg. Amalthea's density implies that the moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10–15%, and Adrastea may be similar.Template:Sfn

No surface details of Adrastea are known, due to the low resolution of available images.Template:Sfn

OrbitEdit

Adrastea is the smallest and second-closest member of the inner Jovian satellite family. It orbits Jupiter at 70,200 mph at a radius of about Template:Convert (1.806 Jupiter radii) at the exterior edge of the planet's main ring.Template:Sfn Its orbit has a very small eccentricity of around 0.0015 and an inclination relative to Jupiter's equator of 0.03°, respectively.Template:Sfn

Due to tidal locking, Adrastea rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face always looking toward the planet. Its long axis is aligned towards Jupiter, this being the lowest energy configuration.Template:Sfn

The orbit of Adrastea lies inside Jupiter's synchronous orbit radius (as does Metis's), and as a result, tidal forces are slowly causing its orbit to decay so that it will one day impact Jupiter. If its density is similar to Amalthea's then its orbit would actually lie within the fluid Roche limit. However, since it is not breaking up, it must still lie outside its rigid Roche limit.Template:Sfn

Relationship with Jupiter's ringsEdit

Adrastea is the largest contributor to material in Jupiter's rings. This appears to consist primarily of material that is ejected from the surfaces of Jupiter's four small inner satellites by meteorite impacts. It is easy for the impact ejecta to be lost from these satellites into space. This is due to the satellites' low density and their surfaces lying close to the edge of their Hill spheres.Template:Sfn

It seems that Adrastea is the most copious source of this ring material, as evidenced by the densest ring (the main ring) being located at and within Adrastea's orbit.Template:Sfn More precisely, the orbit of Adrastea lies near the outer edge of Jupiter's main ring.Template:Sfn The exact extent of visible ring material depends on the phase angle of the images: in forward-scattered light Adrastea is firmly outside the main ring,Template:Sfn but in back-scattered light (which reveals much bigger particles) there appears to also be a narrow ringlet outside Adrastea's orbit.Template:Sfn

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Cited sources

External linksEdit

Adrastea Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Template:Spoken Wikipedia Template:Moons of Jupiter