Affray

In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to the terror (in Template:Langx) of ordinary people. Depending on their actions, and the laws of the prevailing jurisdiction, those engaged in an affray may also render themselves liable to prosecution for assault, unlawful assembly, or riot; if so, it is for one of these offences that they are usually charged.<ref name="britannica">"Affray", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911</ref>

AustraliaEdit

In New South Wales, section 93C of Crimes Act 1900 defines that a person will be guilty of affray if he or she threatens unlawful violence towards another and his or her conduct is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his or her personal safety.<ref>See also Colosimo and Ors v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) [2005] NSWSC 854 (25 August 2005) AustLII</ref> A person will only be guilty of affray if the person intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his or her conduct may be violent or threaten violence.<ref>Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 93D(2) AustLII</ref> The maximum penalty for an offence of affray contrary to section 93C is a period of imprisonment of 10 years.<ref>Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 93C(1) AustLII</ref>

In Queensland, section 72 of the Criminal Code of 1899<ref>Schedule 1 to the Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)</ref> defines affray as taking part in a fight in a public highway or taking part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access. This definition is taken from that in the English Criminal Code Bill of 1880, cl. 96. Section 72 says "Any person who takes part in a fight in a public place, or takes part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access, commits a misdemeanour. Maximum penalty—1 year’s imprisonment."<ref>"Criminal Code Act 1899", retrieved 22 July 2009 from the website of the Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel</ref>

In Victoria, Affray was a common law offence until 2017, when it was abolished and was replaced with the statutory offence that can be found under section 195H of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). The section defines Affray as the use or threat of unlawful violence by a person in a manner that would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to be terrified. However, a person who commits this conduct may only be found guilty of Affray if the use or threat of violence was intended, or if the person was reckless as to whether the conduct involves the use or threat of violence. If found guilty, the maximum penalty that may be imposed for Affray is imprisonment for 5 years or, if at the time of committing the offence the person was wearing a face covering used primarily to conceal their identity or to protect them from the effects of crowd-controlling substances, imprisonment for 7 years.<ref>"Crimes Act 1958 - Section 195H". AustLII. AustLII. Retrieved April 9, 2024.</ref>

IndiaEdit

The Indian Penal Code (sect. 159) adopts the old English common law definition of affray, with the substitution of "actual disturbance of the peace for causing terror to the lieges".<ref name="britannica"/>

New ZealandEdit

In New Zealand affray has been codified as "fighting in a public place" by section 7 of the Summary Offences Act 1981.<ref>Section 7. Fighting in public place in Summary Offences Act 1981. legislation.govt.nz13 January 1981</ref>

South AfricaEdit

Under the Roman-Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.<ref name="britannica"/>

United KingdomEdit

England and WalesEdit

The common law offence of affray was abolished<ref>The Public Order Act 1986, section 9(1)</ref> for England and Wales<ref>The Public Order Act 1986, section 42</ref> on 1 April 1987.<ref>The Public Order Act 1986 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1987, article 2 and Schedule (1987/198 (C. 4))</ref> Affray is now a statutory offence that is triable either way. It is created by section 3 of the Public Order Act 1986 which provides:

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The term "violence" is defined by section 8.Template:Clarify

Section 3(6) once provided that a constable could arrest without warrant anyone he reasonably suspected to be committing affray, but that subsection was repealed by paragraph 26(2) of Schedule 7 to, and Schedule 17 to, the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, which includes more general provisions for police to make arrests without warrant.

The mens rea of affray is that person is guilty of affray only if he intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his conduct may be violent or threaten violence.<ref>The Public Order Act 1986, section 6(2)</ref>

The offence of affray has been used by HM Government to address the problem of drunken or violent individuals who cause serious trouble on airliners.Template:Citation needed

In R v Childs & Price (2015),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>R v Childs & Price 2015: as yet unreported</ref> the Court of Appeal quashed a murder verdict and replaced it with affray, having dismissed an allegation of common purpose.

Northern IrelandEdit

Affray is a serious offence for the purposes of Chapter 3 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008.<ref>The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008, article 12(2) and Schedule 1, paragraph 5.</ref>

United StatesEdit

In the United States, the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="bishop">Bishop, American Criminal Law 8th ed., 1892, vol. i. sec. 535</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4: General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 247. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN

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