Agathodaemon
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox deity Agathos Daimon (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration, Template:Lit.)Template:Efn originally was a lesser deity (daemon) of classical ancient Greek religion and Graeco-Egyptian religion. In his original Greek form, he served as a household god, to whom, along with Zeus Soter, libations were made after a meal. In later Ptolemaic antiquity he took on two partially distinct roles; one as the Agathos Daimon a prominent serpentine civic god, who served as the special protector of Alexandria. The other as a genus of serpentine household gods, the Agathoi Daimones, individual protectors of the homes in which they were worshipped.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Early historyEdit
Agathos Daimon was attested in domestic context in Greece as early as the fifth century BC, and yet he was typically not represented there in the form of a snake, as opposed to in Alexandria, where he was abundantly so represented.<ref>Krzysztof Nawotka, The Alexander Romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: A Historical Commentary, [2017], pp.106-8; (cited in earlywritings.com, 2023)</ref>
- "His origin in Alexandria is a matter of dispute, with two conflicting views either painting Agathos Daimon as a Greek cultural importation later identified with Serapis and with Egyptian gods Šai (Shai), Knephis (Kneph), Khnum, Soknopis,<ref>For this view see: Fraser, P.M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria, Vols i–iii. Oxford. i, 209–212</ref> or as a Hellenized native Egyptian household god.<ref>Quaegebeur, J. 1975. Le dieu égyptien Shaï dans la religion et l’onomastique. Leuven. pp. 170–176</ref> Quaegebeur points out the near absence of Greek sources of the Ptolemaic age for the cult of Agathos Daimon, contrasted with the abundance of Egyptian attestations of the god Šai in this age and the poignant evidence of the Oracle of the Potter ..."<ref>Krzysztof Nawotka, The Alexander Romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: A Historical Commentary, [2017], pp.106-8; (cited in earlywritings.com, 2023)</ref>
The Oracle of the Potter, an Egyptian nationalistic text, predicted the coming doom of Alexandria, with the local gods Knephis (also often represented as a serpent) and Agathos Daimon leaving the city for Memphis, and the defeat of the Macedonian invaders, and their 'age of chaos'.
Greek classical periodEdit
Though he is noted in Greek mythology (Pausanias conjectured that the name was merely an epithet of Zeus),<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece, viii. 36. § 3</ref> it was customary to drink or pour out a few drops of unmixed wine to honor the Agathos Daimon after a meal.<ref>Martin P. Nilsson, Greek Folk Religion. (Columbia University Press), 1981:33, 70, 73.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Aristophanes' Peace, when War has trapped Peace (Εἰρήνη Eirene) in a deep pit, Hermes comes to give aid: "Now, oh Greeks! is the moment when, freed of quarrels and fighting, we should rescue sweet Eirene and draw her out of this pit... This is the moment to drain a cup in honor of the Agathos Daimon." A temple dedicated to them was situated on the road from Megalopolis to Maenalus in Arcadia.<ref name="DGRBM">Template:Citation</ref>
Agathos Daimon was the spouse or companion of Tyche Agathe ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "Good Fortune"). "Tyche we know at Lebadeia as the wife of the Agathos Daimon, the Good or Rich Spirit".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Their numinous presence could be represented in art as a serpent or more concretely as a young man bearing a cornucopia and a bowl in one hand, and a poppy and an ear of grain in the other.Template:Sfn
Agathos Daimon was also identified with Zeus Meilichios, as well as with Serapis.<ref>João Pedro Feliciano 2016, The Agathos Daimon in Greco-Egyptian religion. The Hermetic Tablet: The Journal of Ritual Magic 3 (2016), 171–92</ref>
In Egypt, a similar deity was Shai, who was known as the god of fate. His worship went back as far as the time of Akhenaten in the New Kingdom.
Egyptian late antiquityEdit
In the syncretic atmosphere of late Antiquity, agathodaemons could be bound up with Egyptian bringers of security and good fortune: a gem carved with magic emblems bears the images of Serapis with crocodile, sun-lion and Osiris mummy surrounded by the lion-headed snake Chnum–Agathodaemon–Aion, with Harpocrates on the reverse.<ref>Illustrated in W. Fauth, Helios Megistos: zur synkretistischen Theologie der Spätantike (Leiden: Brill) 1995:85.</ref>
See alsoEdit
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