Ahmed Khadr
Template:Short description Template:Infobox person
Ahmed Saïd Khadr (Template:Langx; March 1, 1948 – October 2, 2003) was an Egyptian-Canadian with alleged ties to al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. His activity in Afghanistan began in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and he has been described as having had ties to a number of militants within the Afghan mujahideen, including Saudi militant Osama bin Laden. Khadr was accused by Canada and the United States of being a "senior associate" and financier of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.<ref name="release">Thorne, Stephen. The Canadian Press. "Pakistan to release wounded Cdn", January 26, 2004</ref><ref name="house">Friscolanti, Michael (August 4, 2006). "The house of Khadr". Maclean's. Template:Webarchive</ref>
During this period, Khadr worked with a number of charitable non-governmental organizations that served Afghan refugees and set up agricultural projects.<ref name="huang"/> He set up two orphanages for children whose parents had been killed over the course of the decade-long Soviet–Afghan War. He funded the construction of Makkah Mukarama Hospital in Afghanistan with his own savings,<ref name="primary">Bell, Stewart (October 10, 2001)). "FBI hunts for 'The Canadian': Former Ottawa man appears on primary list of suspected bin Laden associates". National Post.</ref><ref name="martyr">Review of Book of 120 Martyrs in Afghanistan Template:In langTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="revealing">Bell, Stewart (January 24, 2004). "Khadrs Reveal Bin Laden Ties". National Post.</ref> as well as seven medical clinics in the Afghan refugee camps of Pakistan.<ref name="pretty"/>
Due to his prominent regional role, Khadr helped negotiate compromises among rival Afghan warlords, power brokers, and leaders in order to establish peace in the region.<ref name="site"/><ref name="intel">Berger, J. M. (June 3, 2006). "Al Qaeda Figures Lurk in Shadows Around Toronto Terror Cell". Intelwire.com.</ref> The Canadian government had considered him to be the locally highest-ranking member of al-Qaeda.<ref name="CFP20050615">"RCMP allege clips of Bin Laden's voice on confiscated laptop". Canada Free Press. (June 15, 2005).</ref> In 1999, the United Kingdom added Khadr's name to a list of al-Qaeda members compiled with the United Nations.<ref>"Indepth: Khadr". CBC News.</ref>
Shortly after the American-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, two of Khadr's sons were captured separately by American troops in 2002. They were later detained at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. Aged 15 at the time of his capture, Omar Khadr was among the youngest detainees at the camp, and the last citizen of a Western country (Canada) to be held there. Omar accepted a plea deal (which he later recanted) and pleaded guilty to charges of war crimes in October 2010; he was repatriated to Canada in 2012 to serve the remainder of his sentence and was released on bail in 2015.
On October 2, 2003, Khadr was killed by Pakistani security forces during a gunfight with al-Qaeda and Taliban militants near the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. Following his death, his family members moved back to Canada, where they remain today.<ref name="site"/>
Early lifeEdit
He was born in Egypt in 1948 to Mohamed Zaki Khadr and Munira Osman.<ref name="child"/> Raised in Shubra El-Kheima, Khadr was a shy child with a speech impediment. He frequently stayed at the house of his much older half-brother Ahmed Fouad.<ref name="child"/>Template:Page needed When Fouad left for the United States in the early 1970s, Khadr asked his father if he could follow – but was forbidden. Planning the move behind his father's back, Khadr moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1975 at the age of 27.<ref name="child"/>Template:Page needed
After a few months in Montreal, Khadr moved to Toronto. He was accepted at the University of Ottawa to study Computer Programming. In Ottawa he met Qasem Mahmud, the founder of Camp Al-Mu-Mee-Neen in Creemore, Ontario. Khadr volunteered to help at the camp. There he met Maha el-Samnah, a Palestinian immigrant and volunteer. She was impressed by his calmness and thought he was a good listener. Mahmud later described their meeting as "love at first sight".<ref name="child"/>Template:Page needed
Marriage and familyEdit
Ahmed and Maha married in November at Jami Mosque in Toronto.<ref name="child">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed In May 1978, the couple moved to Ottawa so Ahmed could finish his studies. In 1979, Maha gave birth to their first child and daughter, Zaynab.<ref name="child"/>
Khadr joined the Muslim Students Association at the university. He came to agree with their notions of Sharia law, and advocated Islamic rule for his native Egypt.<ref name="child"/>Template:Page needed
Khadr started working at Bell Northern Research, while writing his master's thesis, entitled Development of a CSSL interface to GASP IV.<ref>Bilkent University: [1]Template:Dead link {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}</ref> Maha gave birth to their son Abdullah in 1981.
CareerEdit
The following year, Khadr was offered a position at the Gulf Polytechnique University in Bahrain, where he hoped to become a professor.<ref name="child"/> According to a biography published by al-Qaeda in 2008, he did not like living in Canada, so he accepted the position.<ref name=cbc-khadr>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1982, Maha gave birth to Abdurahman, their third son. Disappointed to find Western influences in Bahrain, Khadr became interested in the struggle of Afghans as a result of the Soviet invasion. He wanted to help the Muslim widows and orphans in Afghanistan.<ref name="child"/>
Through 1983 and 1984, the family lived in Bahrain while the children were in school. During the summer holidays, Khadr traveled to Pakistan. His wife took the three children to Scarborough, Canada, where they lived with her parents.<ref name="child"/> Khadr told friends that he had no intentions of helping to fight the Soviets, only of helping the victims of the invasion.<ref name="child"/>
Charitable work beginsEdit
During his 1984 summer in Pakistan, Khadr joined Lajnat al Dawa, a Kuwaiti-run relief organization to help Afghan refugees living in Pakistan after the Soviet invasion.<ref name="child"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He returned to Toronto in December with his family, to explain his decision to Maha's parents. After returning briefly to Bahrain, the family stopped in Kuwait to meet the charity's organizers. By January, they had settled in a second-floor apartment above the Kuwait Red Crescent Society's offices in Peshawar, Pakistan.<ref name="child"/>
While in Pakistan, Khadr became known by the kunya Abu Abdurahman al-Kanadi (Father of Abdurahman, the Canadian), due to the community mistaking which of his sons was eldest.<ref name="child"/><ref name=ArabsWarAfghanistan>Template:Cite book</ref> Refusing to abandon his Western clothing, Khadr frequently took care of the children while Maha volunteered at the Red Crescent hospital.<ref name="child"/> During his time in Pakistan, Khadr met with the journalist Eric Margolis several times. He later said that Khadr was a "man of respect" in the city, and seemed "entirely humanitarian and not ideological at all".<ref name="child"/>
The family returned to Canada several times a year, visiting relatives. Khadr conducted fundraising for his charitable work, giving speeches at mosques and community events.<ref name="child"/> During one of the visits back to Toronto, on July 6, 1985, Maha gave birth to the couple's fourth child, Ibrahim. Diagnosed with a congenital heart defect, the boy was transferred to the city's Hospital for Sick Children for surgery.<ref name="child"/>
Three months later, the family returned to Peshawar.<ref name="child"/> That year, Khadr met Abdullah Anas, an Algerian who had helped fight the Soviets in northern Afghanistan. Anas would later describe Khadr as "not a man of fighting, not a man of jihad, just a man of charity work aid".<ref name="child"/> He also became acquainted with Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, the founder of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan and a mujahideen warlord, with whom Khadr would later nurture a close relationship.<ref name="child"/>
Returning to Toronto in the summer of 1986, Ibrahim underwent more surgery. On September 19, Maha gave birth to another son, Omar. Six days later, the 39-year-old Khadr was featured in the Toronto Star, calling attention to the plight of Afghanistan. He condemned the Soviets for cluster bomblets and landmines disguised as colorful toys, attracting children who picked them up and sometimes lost limbs.<ref name="pretty">Cahill, Jack. Toronto Star, "'Pretty toys' maiming Afghan kids", September 25, 1986</ref>
In the autumn, the family returned to Peshawar, where Khadr met Ayman al-Zawahiri,<ref name="child"/> a doctor who had been convicted in Pakistan five years earlier for arms dealing.<ref name="tower">Template:Cite book</ref> The doctor was then working in the Red Crescent hospital treating wounded refugees. The two quickly became friends, and had many conversations about the need for Islamic government and the needs of the Afghan people.<ref name="child"/> At this time, the family was living in a "tiny" apartment on an $800 monthly allowance.<ref name="pretty"/>
In 1987, Khadr convinced his wife to let her parents take care of their sickly son Ibrahim in Scarborough. He said she could help a hundred Afghan children in Peshawar if she sent him back for care.<ref name="child"/> He often praised the bravery of the fighters in the Battle of Jaji to his children, but never suggested that he had participated.<ref name="child"/>
In January 1988, Maha returned to Toronto with her youngest, Omar, to look after Ibrahim so her parents could visit relatives in the Middle East. Ibrahim became sick during the visit, and was rushed to the hospital. He was pronounced brain dead the following morning.<ref name="child"/>
That year, Khadr joined Human Concern International full time; it was a Canadian-based charity operating in Peshawar with which he had been cooperating.<ref name="Apology">"National Post Apologizes to Human Concern International" Template:Webarchive, South Asia Partnership Canada, April 26, 2004</ref> The charity had been investigated following a statement by Osama bin Laden that "The bin Laden Establishment's aid covers 13 countries ... this aid comes in particular from the Human Concern International Society".<ref>Burnett, et al. v. al Baraka Investment and Development Corp., et al., January 18, 2005, Findlaw</ref> Under Khadr's leadership, HCI built Hope Village in Akora Khattak to house 400 orphans,<ref name="hell">Boyle, Theresa (December 15, 1995). "Canadian held in Pakistan bombing: Worker's family 'going through hell'". Toronto Star.</ref><ref>Human Concern International, "Rehabilitating and Reconstructing a Torn Land, Afghanistan" Template:Webarchive</ref> and a number of unemployed refugees were given work repairing damage at the Khost airfield.<ref name="sought"/> He gained the support of the World Food Program,<ref name="sought"/> and a $325,000 donation from the Canadian International Development Agency.<ref name="csisMahjoub"/>
Around this time in 1989, Khadr solicited aid from Canadian Doreen Wicks. She agreed to have her own charity send medical supplies to help the Afghan orphans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Not long after, Anas spoke to Abdullah Azzam about the need to ensure Muslim help reached northern Afghanistan, and not just that of Western NGOs.<ref name="child"/> Azzam appointed Khadr in charge of a new charity to be affiliated with the Muslim World League NGO.<ref name="martyr"/> Khadr promised to help raise funds for a new Peshawar-based charity, to be named al-Tahaddi (The Challenge), if Azzam gave him an endorsement to help him appeal to Canadian mosques.<ref name="child"/>
Citing a disagreement with Khadr, Abu Hassan al Madani and Enaam Arnaout led the Islamic Benevolence Committee to withhold its donation to al-Tahaddi, so Wael Julaydan met with Khadr on 19 October 1988 to discuss the financial shortfall and issues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="caravan">Template:Cite book</ref> Khadr and Julaydan signed a contract specifying the exact roles of personnel and funds in the group, but it appears Khadr didn't notice the clause that would allow a steering committee headed by Azzam to replace any administrative staff.<ref name="caravan234">Template:Cite book</ref> Within days, Khadr received notice that he was being replaced just before his scheduled trip to Canada.<ref name="caravan234"/>
On November 2, unknown men assumed to be associated with Azzam broke into Khadr's Peshawar offices and seized documents, leading to the freezing of al-Tahaddi's accounts with Habib Bank and a shifting of the project's assets to a Saudi Red Crescent warehouse.<ref name="caravan234"/> When he returned to Peshawar, Khadr accused Azzam of "confiscating"<ref name="tower"/> the money he had raised, and spreading rumors that he was a Western spy by having faxed all of al-Tahaddi's associates with a list of accusations against Khadr and announcing new leadership.<ref name="caravan" />
Khadr demanded a Sharia court be convened to mediate the matter, and sought Sheikh Rabbani, Sheikh Sayyaf, Yunus Khalis or Gulbuddin Hekmatyra to arbitrate. It was ultimately led by Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif and Abu Hajjer al-Iraqi in Osama bin Laden's compound on December 26, and Azzam was found guilty in absentia of spreading allegations against Khadr and ordered to return the money to the charity for which it had been raised, and to return Khadr as director of the charity.<ref name="caravan" /> No further sentence was imposed,<ref name=ArabsWarAfghanistan/><ref name="tower"/> although Azzam refused to comply with the Court Order which aggrieved al-Sharif who later published a book in which he characterizes Azzam as having rejected the sharia by his default,<ref name="caravan" /> although Ayman al-Zawahiri later wrote a piece in which he criticised al-Sharif for being too quick to judge Azzam's intentions and reminding readers that both parties were noble mujahideen.<ref name="caravan" /> When Azzam was killed in 1989, Khadr was among the mourners at his funeral.<ref name="child"/>
In 1989, Maha gave birth to a fifth son, Abdulkareem. Eight months after the end of the Soviet invasion, Khadr was profiled in the Toronto Star newspaper, pleading for Western aid to help Afghanistan rebuild; he noted the nation had the highest child mortality rate in the world.<ref name="child"/> Around this time, he began to adopt the kurta and pakul associated with the Mujahideen, giving up Western clothing.<ref name="child"/>
In September 1991, Khadr gave a fundraising lecture entitled Afghanistan: The Untold Story at the Markham Islamic Centre. He described the suffering of the widows and orphans, but emphasized the valor of the mujahideen who had repelled the Soviets.<ref name="child"/> They had been supported by the United States at the time.
_and_Abdulkareem_(in_bib).PNG){kind=link}
In 1992, Khadr sustained severe shrapnel wounds which tore apart his right side, puncturing his bladder and a kidney. The exact cause of the wounds is debated, Human Concern International maintains that Khadr was inside one of their refugee camps when he stepped on a landmine, while his son Abdurahman has said that he was hurt by a bomb during the ongoing battles between warlords.<ref name="child"/>
Unable to get proper medical care in Peshawar, he was taken to Karachi. Maha convinced him to return to Toronto a month later, and he was admitted to Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. Although there were fears he'd never walk again, or his arm would require amputation, his surgeon managed to treat Khadr successfully.<ref name="child"/> His half-brother Ahmed Faoud came up from the United States to visit Khadr, who was growing restless with his long recovery time.<ref name="child"/>
According to Mustafa Hamid Khadr had quietly played a role in resisting the Soviet Union.<ref name=ArabsWarAfghanistan/>
Abu Abdul Rahman al-Kanadi did excellent work during the jihad against the Soviets but it has not been well recognised, especially the military work he did in Logar province. As you know, Logar is in between Paktia and Kabul. Abu Abdul Rahman al-Kanadi trained at Sadda and was at Jaji with Abu Abdullah; he and Abu Abdul Rahman al-Surahyi did a fantastic job with their observation work and giving guidance for the Arab activity. When the enemy discovered their hiding place, the jets bombed the area very heavily but they were not hurt.<ref name=ArabsWarAfghanistan/>
Return to PakistanEdit
,_Abdulkareem_(middle)_and_Abdurahman_(Rear)_Khadr_in_Peshawar.PNG){kind=link}
In the autumn of 1993, Khadr returned to Pakistan with his family, renting a comfortable house with its own garden in Hayatabad while he continued working with HCI despite his injuries. Without the use of his right hand and walking with a limp, Khadr found his injuries frustrating.<ref name="child"/><ref name="hell"/>
Before leaving for Tajikistan in 1994, a young Ibn Al-Khattab gave Abdulkareem a rabbit, which was named Khattab. The rabbit's legs were injured during rough play with his youngest daughter Maryam, and the crippled Ahmed would often sit in the backyard, crying over it.<ref name="child"/>
Human Concern International had struggled with the year-long absence of Khadr's management, and had hired Abdullah Almalki from Carleton University to replace him. Almalki was on sabbatical leave at the time of Khadr's return. The two managers clashed, as Khadr's work ethic had changed after his injury. He had become a demanding workaholic who began alienating his colleagues. Almalki left HCI early, citing frustration with Khadr.<ref name="child"/> Khadr's eldest son, Abdullah later confided in his father that he was not spending enough time with his family, due to his time and efforts towards the local orphanages.<ref name="AK-PBS">PBS, "Interview Abdullah Khadr". (February 23, 2004).</ref>
Maintaining his connections with regional warlords, Khadr was furious at their in-fighting which he felt was invalidating the Mujahideen success in driving out the Soviets.<ref name="child"/> Believing in the need for an Islamic government, he talked to his children about the rewards of martyrdom.<ref name="child"/>
In 1994, he sent his two oldest sons, Abdullah and Abdurahman, to Khalden training camp.<ref name="child"/> He visited the camp once after they started there, to meet with Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi.<ref name="nasiri">Template:Cite book</ref>
In Pakistan, Khadr renovated an abandoned building, which had previously used by the KhAD secret police, to be used for his charity, but once it was refurbished, the government announced they would re-take control of the building. An angry Khadr wrote a letter to Taliban leader Mullah Omar, complaining that he should be compensated for the money he spent in fixing the building.<ref name="revealing"/> He clashed with the Taliban again when they objected to the fact he had opened a school for girls, who were not allowed to receive an education under Taliban law.<ref name="revealing"/><ref name="child"/>
When Mohamad Elzahabi was injured in a 1995 battle in Kabul, Khadr visited him the Peshawar hospital.<ref name="colin">Template:Cite news</ref>
Arrest, investigation and releaseEdit
In July 1995, Khadr arranged for his daughter Zaynab to marry an Egyptian man named Khalid Abdullah, "an Egyptian guest of the Taliban"<ref>Center for Strategic and International Studies, Terrorism, Border Reform and Canada-United States Relations, April 4, 2002.</ref> from the Sudan,<ref name="sought"/> in December, and Maha began preparing an apartment for the couple in the family's house.<ref name="child"/> Abdullah lived with the family for two months, "like a trial engagement".<ref name="sought"/>
On November 19, Ayman al-Zawahiri carried out an attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan, and the suitor Ahmed had arranged for his daughter went into hiding, named as one of the conspirators.<ref name="child"/> A warrant was sworn for Khadr's arrest eight days later, after it was discovered that Khalid Abdullah had purchased one of the vehicles used in the attack.<ref name="unending">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="ClarkeTestimony">Statement of Richard A. Clarke, United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, October 22, 2003.</ref> Two dozen Pakistani went to his house on November 27 at approximately 23:00,<ref name="report">Template:Cite journal</ref> but he was still in Afghanistan and had been there since before the attacks. Maha barricaded the door, while the 15-year-old Zaynab took her father's rifle and held it over her head screaming.<ref name="child"/> The police managed to enter, and took his wife, three children and in-laws who were visiting from Canada, into custody while they searched the house,<ref name="report"/> seizing $10,000<ref name="lyon">Lyon, Alistair. Reuters. "Canadian said held for Egyptian embassy blast", December 14, 1995</ref> $29,000<ref name="sought"/> or $40,000<ref name=Krauss>Template:Cite news</ref> in cash from the home. While he insisted the money was to pay the salaries of HCI workers, others alleged he had used HCI to launder money eventually used to finance the attack.<ref>Getman, Ross E. (2001). "The Anthrax Letters: Summons to Conquest".Template:Dead link</ref> His wife and children were released shortly after the raid, while his in-laws were held for a month before being released.<ref name="report"/>
Accounts differ as to whether Ahmed was arrested on December 3 at the border crossing back into Pakistan, or if he had returned to his home the previous day and gone to the police station to lodge a complaint about the raid, and been arrested.<ref name="lyon"/> He was charged with aiding terrorism, and faced the death penalty,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although investigators conceded they "did not have much evidence" linking him to the bombing.<ref name="boyle">Template:Cite news</ref>
After being refused food for two days, Khadr announced he was launching a hunger strike, which led to his collapse on his fifth day<ref name="boyle"/> and his being transferred to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in Islamabad.<ref name="hell"/> He was interviewed in hospital, where he denounced Foreign Minister Assef Ahmad Ali's claim that he had financed the explosives, detonation devices, and both vehicles used in the bombing.<ref name="huang">Huang, Michelle (December 30, 1995). "Bombing suspect pins 'last hope' on Chrétien". Toronto Star.</ref> He stated that his work consisted solely of charitable work to provide food and schooling to Afghan orphans.<ref name="report"/> Foregoing legal advice, he also refused to hire a lawyer to defend him.<ref name="boyle"/> Suffering from a urinary tract infection due to weight loss, he claimed that he had been targeted simply because of his Egyptian background.<ref name="report"/>
His plight caught the attention of the Canadian Arab Federation and the Jewish Civil Rights Educational Foundation of Canada, the latter of whom wrote to Pakistan urging that Khadr be afforded a fair trial, and expressing their concern "about unfair and unnecessary hardship placed on individuals like Khadr" in Pakistan's efforts to combat terrorism.<ref name="report"/> The Canadian-Muslim Civil Liberties Association similarly gathered a petition of 800 signatures and presented it to both Canadian and Pakistani officials, and Human Concern International executive director Kaleem Akhtar echoed his certainty that Khadr was not involved in the blast, stating that "politics was not his cup of tea", and subsequently started a legal defence fund for Khadr.<ref name="report"/> Rumors began to surface that he had already been extradited to Egypt.<ref name="frantic">Levy, Harold (December 17, 1995). "Metro kin 'frantic' over Pakistan captive". Toronto Star.</ref>
As Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien happened to then be visiting Pakistan, he mentioned the matter to Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto, who promised "fair trial and fair treatment". Lacking evidence to suggest Khadr was involved in the bombing, Pakistan dropped their charges and released Khadr in March.<ref name="report2">"Canadian Charity Claims Religious Discrimination". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. (July/August 1999). pg. 52.</ref> Upon returning to Canada, Khadr kissed the ground.<ref name="post"/>
In 2002, Abul-Dahab confessed to Egyptian interrogators that he had funded the bombing of the Egyptian embassy on orders from bin Laden, and had transferred money from a Californian bank account to Pakistan to finance the attack.<ref name="Bell">Bell, Stewart "Report says bin Laden paid bail in Canada". National Post. Accessed March 21, 2024.</ref>
Health & Education Projects InternationalEdit
Trying to distance themselves from the controversy, HCI issued a statement in December, stating that Khadr and his colleague Helmy el-Sharief no longer worked for the organization.<ref name="sought"/> Khadr then founded his own charity, Health & Education Projects International<ref>Dept. of Industry, Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 139, No. 3; Canada Corporations Act File #240180-1 Template:Webarchive, dissolved in December 2005</ref> which was located in the Kart-e-Parwan district of Kabul and listed the Canadian Salahedin Mosque as a partner.<ref name="acbar">Agency Coordinating Body For Afghan Relief, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, June 2004</ref> American prosecutors have alleged the new group, while collecting $70,000 in donations, supported Afghan training camps.<ref name=Apology /><ref>Canadian Security Intelligence Service, "Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Mahmoud Jaballah"Template:Dead link</ref><ref>Bell, Stewart (October 14, 2003). "Khadr killed in gunfight: report". National Post.</ref><ref>Wood, Sara "U.S. Military Commissions to Resume This Week at Guantanamo". American Forces Press Service.</ref> In July, Khadr met with bin Laden for the first time, as the latter was beginning construction on a large house.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1997, while living in the Pathan district of Peshawar,<ref name="sought"/> Khadr began visiting Nazim Jihad, bin Laden's family home in Jalalabad.<ref name="Hughes"/> In September, the Khadrs moved into a three-room house owned by Zaffar Rehman, to whom they paid $100 monthly rent.<ref name="sought"/> At an unspecified time during his life in Pakistan, Khadr made use of his master's degree and provided computer training and systems "for the government employees from 14 departments".<ref name="revealing"/>
In May 1998, Essam Marzouk and Mohammed Zeki Mahjoub were also introduced to each other at the home of Khadr's in-laws while he was in Toronto.<ref name="csisMahjoub">Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Mahmoud JaballahTemplate:Dead link, February 22, 2008.</ref> Also that year, Mahmoud Jaballah met Khadr, having invited him to share a cup of tea and discuss their mutual experiences in Peshawar, Pakistan, after Khadr's mother-in-law took his wife grocery shopping.<ref name="abdu">Bell, Stewart. National Post, "'A lot' of Canadians in al-Qaeda", August 1, 2004</ref><ref name="only">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Globe060526>Met top al-Qaeda figure just for tea, Egyptian saysTemplate:Dead link, The Globe and Mail, May 26, 2006</ref> At some point, Mohammad Harkat met Khadr in Ottawa and the two of them shared a van back to Toronto. Harkat claims that he met Khadr through his roommate Mohamed El Barseigy, and that Khadr was silent during most of the trip,<ref>Duffy, Andrew. Ottawa Citizen, "Ottawa man a terrorist, judge rules", March 23, 2005</ref> and his only advice to Harkat was "tell the truth to immigration authorities".<ref name="deny">Federal Court of Canada, Reasons for denial of bail to Mohamed Harkat Template:Webarchive</ref> Harkat and Jaballah would both later be jailed on security certificates which cited their contact with Khadr as a factor in their detention.<ref name=TorStar>Jaballah denies terrorist training Template:Webarchive, Toronto Star, May 18, 2006</ref><ref name="case">Duffy, Andrew. "The Case Against Harkat: CSIS is Sure the Man is an al-Qaeda Sleeper", December 21, 2002</ref><ref>Hanes, Allison. National Post, Jaballah admits he knew Khadr, May 19, 2006</ref>
In June 1998,<ref name="sought"/> the family moved into Nazim Jihad while Ahmed was away; but were only there a short time before bin Laden moved and didn't invite the family to accompany him.<ref name="Hughes">Hughes, Gregory T. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Affidavit of Gregory T. Hughes", 2005</ref> He caved to the demands of his "problem child", Abdurahman, and purchased him a horse of his own.<ref name="son">"Son of Al Qaeda" PBS documentary on Abdurahman Khadr</ref>
That year, Pakistan renewed its claims that Khadr was involved in the embassy bombing, accused him of money laundering and smuggling and suggested he may have been connected to the year's simultaneous bombings of American embassies.<ref name="sought">Template:Cite news</ref>
Reports suggest that when Pakistani forces stormed the apartment of an Algerian named Abu Elias in Lahore, Khadr was actually present but was either not recognised by the troops, or allowed to leave.<ref>Template:In lang Son of Ahmed Said Khadr 'al-Kanadi': My father twice tried to convince me to become suicide bomber Template:Webarchive, June 17, 2004</ref>
In 1999, Khadr met with bin Laden again to try to mitigate hostilities between bin Laden, the Taliban and warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, whom Ahmed had recently met in Iran.<ref name="Hughes"/> That year, the United Kingdom submit his name to be put on a United Nations list of individuals believed to finance terrorism, but refused to share any evidence with Canadian officials. He was subsequently sanctioned, and UN states were forbidden from commerce with him.<ref name="idd">Bell, Stewart. National Post, "UK intelligence ID'd Canadian as bin Laden aide", October 12, 2001</ref> Template:Sister project In January 2001, Khadr's name was added to a United Nations list of individuals who supported terrorism associated with Bin Laden.<ref>Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Mohammed HarkatTemplate:Dead link</ref>
Later that year, Egyptian forces surrounded Khadr's house in Peshawar, and requested that Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence forces offer assistance in capturing the man they still believed had knowledge of the embassy bombing in Islamabad. Instead, the ISI contacted the Taliban, who sent a diplomatic car to pick up Khadr and bring him into Afghanistan.<ref name="rogue">McGirk, Tim (April 29, 2002). "Rogues No More?". Time</ref>
Sought by the United StatesEdit
Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States found Khadr's name while "seeking anyone they believe might be linked to bin Laden"<ref name="hunts"/> and issued a statement that he was "wanted in connection with the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks",<ref name="primary"/> and on October 10 listed him as a "primary suspect".<ref name="hunts">Bell, Stewart. National Post, "FBI hunts for 'The Canadian'", October 10, 2001</ref> Three days later, the United States froze his assets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The family fled Kabul the day before its fall to the Northern Alliance, and made a temporary home in the Logar orphanage the night of November 10.<ref name="child"/> This was the last time the United States knew the family's location.<ref>Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. "Asian Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Canada", July 2003</ref> Maha and Ahmed returned however to gather their possessions. While packing, Kabul's walkie-talkie communications ring began reporting that the Taliban had been defeated and the city was being overrun. Running out to their car, they saw wounded men filtering into the streets. Tossing out their computer and a chair, the couple made room in their backseat for three men who had been injured in an explosion. They reached the Logar Hospital at 2am, but were told that only two of the men could be treated. Speeding off with the third, they continued to another nearby hospital but arrived to find their passenger had succumbed to his wounds. Returning to their children at the Logar orphanage, they were informed that Abdurahman had decided to take the truck to Kabul in their absence and spend the night with friends.<ref name="child"/>
Shortly afterwards,<ref name="martyr"/> Bin Laden approached Khadr and asked him to join the Mujahideen Shura Council,<ref name="martyr"/>{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }} organising the retreat of families from the Northern Alliance onslaught, to the relative safety of the Pakistan border. In April 2002 it was believed that he had fled Nangarhar to Paktia, along with Mullah Kabir.<ref name=AP2002-04-18>Template:Cite news</ref> He was noted for maintaining a close relationship with Maulvi Nazir.<ref>Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed. The Daily Standard, Spinning the fighting in South Waziristan April 24, 2007</ref>
Khadr's Canadian property was raided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as part of Project O Canada in January 2002.<ref name=OttawaCitizen061208> Template:Cite news</ref> There was also reference to a "seized photograph" that showed Khadr standing alongside an anti-aircraft gun along with anti-Soviet mujahideen.<ref name="post">McLeon, Kagan. National Post, "One U.S. soldier was killed and four others injured in a fierce gun battle in a remote village in Afghanistan."</ref>
When his second son, Abdurahman was taken prisoner by the Northern Alliance in November,<ref name=Krauss/> he sent a request to have his son freed since he had helped the Alliance in the past, but was told that unless he could pay a $10,000 ransom then Abdurahman would be turned over to the Americans. Lacking the money, Khadr asked his eldest son Abdullah to not tell his mother about Abdurahman's capture, and only insist that he was "missing", rather than captured.<ref name="AK-PBS"/>
In July 2003, the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress stated that Khadr's last known whereabouts were in Afghanistan in November 2001.<ref>Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Asian Organized Crime and Terrorist Activity in Canada, 1999–2002, July 2003</ref> Meanwhile, Khadr was asked to organise militants operating near the border of Shagai, Pakistan, and subsequently asked his son Abdullah and Hamza al-Jowfi to help him procure weapons.<ref name="child"/><ref name="affa">Hughes, Gregory T. USA vs. Khadr affidavit Template:Webarchive, November 23, 2005</ref> He clashed with Abdul Hadi al Iraqi, arguing that guerilla tactics would prove more useful than front line battle.<ref name="child"/>
DeathEdit
On October 2, 2003, Khadr, his son Abdulkareem, al-Jowfi, al-Iraqi, Khalid Habib and Qari Ismail were all staying at a South Waziristan safe house. The following day, after Fajr prayers, Khadr told his son that Pakistani troops had warned a raid was scheduled in the village, and told him to start preparing to leave the village together.<ref name="child"/> However, a Pakistani helicopter team and hundreds of security forces attacked the village before the pair were able to depart,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Abdulkareem lay down in a ditch but was shot in the spine, paralyzing him from the waist down.<ref name="child"/> The 17-year-old Khalid Murjan Salim was arrested at the scene, the son of alleged militant Murjan Salim, and extradited to Egypt shortly thereafter.<ref>al-Shafi'i, Muhammad. Al-Sharq al-Awsat. "Egypt received three sons of al-Qaida and al-Jihad leaders", Mary 19 2004</ref><ref>Amnesty International, Pakistan: Human rights ignored in the "war on terror", 2006</ref>
Pakistan initially reported that Khadr had escaped hours before the raid.<ref name="newsline">Tohid, Owais. The Christian Science Monitor, "Tribesmen take cash, count 'blessings' from Al Qaeda", November 2003</ref> Other reports suggested that rumors of his death may have been staged to escape investigators.<ref name="bell"/> At one point it was reported that Ahmed had lived, and only his son had been killed.<ref>CBC, Pakistan now says Canadian survived al-Qaeda raid, October 16, 2003</ref> Early reports said that it was a joint American-Pakistani operation, while later reports denied American involvement.<ref>BBC, Chinese militant 'shot dead', December 23, 2003</ref>
Reports said that 12 "al-Qaeda and Taliban members" were killed in the raid on the "armed encampment", including Hasan Mahsum,<ref name="bell">Bell, Stewart. "Muslim groups eulogize Khadr: But some say death might have been staged using a decoy", October 15, 2003</ref><ref>President Pervez MusharrafTemplate:Dead link</ref> and that two al-Qaeda members had been captured.<ref name="newsline"/> Khadr's name was not included in any of the lists of deceased published in local media, and the captured Abdulkareem was unable to identify his father among the photos of corpses later presented to him,<ref name="revealing"/> although the Islamic Observation Centre reported that Khadr was "caught" in the battle and died defending Abdulkareem.<ref>CBC, Canadians believed killed in Pakistan shootout, October 14, 2003</ref> Three weeks after the attack, Pakistan was still reporting that he had escaped the raid and that they had been conducting house-to-house searches for him,<ref>CBS, U.S, Afghan Forces Kill Militants, October 28, 2003</ref><ref>Fox News, Officials: Bin Laden Aide Escaped Pakistan Raid, October 17, 2003</ref> although they spoke of having killed a "high-ranking" al-Qaeda member in the attack with a bounty on his head.<ref>Associated Press, Pakistan: Slain al-Qaida Member Likely High-Ranking, October 15, 2003</ref>
In late December, Maha had attorney Hashmat Ali Habib file a petition to the Supreme Court of Pakistan asking for details about whether her husband and son were killed or captured in the operation.<ref name="revealing"/><ref>IRNA, "Family of missing al-Qaeda suspect wants information", December 30, 2003</ref> Meanwhile, it was believed that the Saudi Sheikh Asadullah stepped up to fill the void left by Khadr's death<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
It was finally reported in January, three months after the operation, that his DNA had been matched to a body found just outside the doorway and he was indeed killed in the attack, leading his family to request the return of his body for burial in Canada.<ref name="child"/><ref>CBC, "Khadr has right to burial in Canada: son", January 24, 2004</ref><ref>CBC News, Canadian al-Qaeda suspect dead: Pakistan, January 24, 2004</ref> Arab News reported that he had only been killed in January, following another Pakistani strike in Wana, after successfully escaping the October firefight.<ref>Arab News Pakistan Gears for Operation Against Al-Qaeda, Taleban, February 23, 2004</ref> In Canadian Federal Court Justice Carolyn Layden-Stevenson's 2005 ruling rejecting Hassan Almrei's application for release, she quoted a confidential CSIS agent named only as P.G. as having testified about Khadr dying in 2004.<ref name="reasons2">Layden-Stevenson, Justice. "Hassan Almrei and the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and Solicitor General for Canada", "Reasons for Order and Order", December 5, 2005</ref>
Civil lawsuitEdit
Sgt. Layne Morris and Sgt. Speer's widow Tabitha, both represented by Donald Winder,<ref>CTV News, "U.S. woman sues dead Khadr dad for US$10 million", August 6, 2004,</ref> launched a joint civil suit against the estate of Khadr – claiming that the father's failure to control son Omar resulted in the loss of Speers' life and Morris' right eye. Since American law does not allow civil lawsuits against "acts of war", Speer and Morris relied on the argument that Omar throwing a grenade was an act of terrorism, rather than war. Utah District Judge Paul Cassell ruled on February 17, 2006, awarding C$102.6 million in damages, approximately C$94 million to Speer and C$8 million to Morris.<ref>Template:In langal-Vefagh News, "بريطانيا تلقي القبض على ممثلين من القاعدة Template:Webarchive", February 23, 2006</ref> He said this likely marked the first time terrorist acts have resulted in civil liabilities.<ref name=SLTribune>GI injured in Afghan war wins lawsuit: Unique case: Court awards default judgment to man blinded in one eye Template:Webarchive, Salt Lake Tribune, February 16, 2006</ref> The Salt Lake Tribune suggested that the plaintiffs might collect funds via the U.S. Terrorism Risk Insurance Act,<ref name=SaltLakeTribune20070514> Template:Cite news</ref> but since the Federal government is not bound by civil rulings, it has refused to release Khadr's frozen assets.<ref>House, Dawn. Salt Lake Tribune, "Feds fight order to turn over terrorist funds", January 26, 2008</ref>
LegacyEdit
After his death, the media began referring to a "Khadr effect". The Prime Minister had intervened to ensure that Khadr got a fair trial, and the press said that he had intervened after Khadr's release. The suggestion was that politicians and the public were equally unwilling to lend any support or benefit of the doubt to the remaining family.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>
On February 7, 2008, the National Post reported that a biography of Khadr was published on an "al Qaeda web-site" as part of an on-line book entitled Book of 120 Martyrs in Afghanistan.<ref name="boring"> Template:Cite news</ref> Seven months later, his family launched Template:Usurped which emphasized his work as a relief worker.<ref name="site">Template:Usurped, both inactive archived site and current site</ref> By July 2013, the website was replaced with a Japanese facial care website.
Khadr remains a controversial figure. Canadian attorney Dennis Edney, lawyer for the Khadr family, has challenged the assumption that Khadr was a member of al-Qaeda, saying in 2001 that he was "really interested in obtaining one piece of evidence that would show indeed that Mr. Khadr was actually a terrorist. To me, it's just folklore."<ref name=OttawaCitizen061208/> Khadr's imam in Canada, Ali Hindy, spoke after his death, saying "I don't think that he was al-Qaeda, but I think he felt that now he became part of Afghanistan."<ref name="bell"/> His friends described him as being "proud of [being a] Canadian citizen".<ref name="bell"/> Some politicians and media have suggested that he disliked the country.<ref name="boring"/><ref name="cbc-khadr"/>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Usurped (Template:Usurped), a website maintained by the family