Aigun
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Aigun (Template:Lang-zh; Manchu: Template:MongolUnicode aihūn; Template:Langx) was a historic Chinese town in northern Manchuria, situated on the right bank of the Amur River, some Template:Convert south (downstream) from the central urban area of Heihe (which is across the Amur from the mouth of the Zeya River and Blagoveschensk).<ref name=aihuizhen-map>Aihui Town on Google Maps</ref>
The Chinese name of the town, which literally means "Bright Jade", was a transliteration of the Manchu (or Ducher) name of the town. The current Mainland Chinese pronunciation Ài Huī does not reflect this, unlike the Taiwanese pronunciation which still follows the Old National Pronunciation Ài Hún.
Today the former city of Aigun is called Aihui Town (Template:MongolUnicode aihūn hoton) and is part of Aihui District, which in turn is part of the prefecture-level city of Heihe. Heihe is one of the major cities in Heilongjiang Province.
HistoryEdit
The predecessor of Aigun was a town of the indigenous Ducher people of the Amur Valley, located on the left (northeastern - now Russian) bank of the Amur River. The site of this town, whose name was reported by the Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov as Aytyun ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in 1652, is currently known to archaeologists as the Grodekovo site ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), after the nearby village of Grodekovo. It is thought to have been populated since around the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD.<ref name=amu>Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ Template:Webarchive (Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) Template:In lang</ref>
Some sources report a Chinese presence on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was relocated during the Qing Dynasty.<ref name=halde15>Template:Cite book Numerous later editions are available as well, including one on Google Books. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of Aigun, as Aykom. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.</ref>
The Ducher town was probably vacated when the Duchers were evacuated by the Manchu Chinese Qing Dynasty to the Sungari or Hurka in the mid-1650s.<ref name=amu/> In 1683-85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin.<ref>Bruce Mancall, Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728, 1971, pages 115-127.</ref>
After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Manchus relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about Template:Convert downstream from the original site.<ref name=rav48>E.G.Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. Full text can be found on Google Books. Pages 18,48.</ref><ref>The Jesuits (at du Halde, pp. 18-19), who visited the "new" Aigun ca. 1709, also mentioned the old site on the left bank of the river (which they called Aykom), but said that it was 13 li (unit), i.e. some 8.3 km, upstream from the new site. They also claimed that Aykom was founded by the 15th-century Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor, but abandoned within 20 years. Although Yongle's Amur expeditions are well known (see e.g. Yishiha), there seem to be no corroboration in modern literature for the existence of a Yongle-era fort at the Old Aigun site.</ref> The new site occupied the location of the former village of a Daurian chief named Tolga.<ref name=rav48/> The city became known primarily under its Manchu name Saghalien Ula Hotun or Hoton (Manchu: Template:MongolUnicode Sahaliyan Ula Hoton),<ref name=duHaldeV4>Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 4 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). Pp. 18-19.</ref> and sometimes also under the Chinese translation of this name, Heilongjiang Cheng ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Both names mean "Black River City", but by the 19th century the name "Aigun" again became more current in the western languages.
For a number of years after 1683, Aigun served as the capital (the seat of the Military Governor) of Heilongjiang Province, until the capital was moved to Nenjiang (Mergen) in 1690, and later to Qiqihar.<ref name=edmonds>Template:Cite book</ref> Aigun, however, remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.
As a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, Aigun (or, rather, Saghalien Ula hoton) was visited ca. 1709 by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli,<ref>Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 1 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). (p. xxxviii in Vol. 1)</ref> who found it a well-defended town, serving as the base of a Manchu river fleet controlling the Amur River region. Surrounded by numerous villages on the fertile riverside plain, the town was well provisioned with foodstuffs.<ref name=duHaldeV4/>
It was at Aigun in May 1858 that Nikolay Muravyov concluded the Aigun Treaty, according to which the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Russia.<ref name="EB1911">Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, for a few weeks Aigun was the center of military action directed against the Russians.<ref name="EB1911"/> On JulyTemplate:Nbsp22, Aigun was captured by Russian troops.
In 1913 Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Àihuī Xiàn), which was renamed Aihui County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Àihuī Xiàn, the pronunciation remained unchanged) in December 1956.
The Manchus of the Chinese capital Peking (now known as Beijing) were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics, while in contrast, the Manchus of Aigun could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinicised pronunciation of Peking Manchus, since they learned the Pekinese pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from the capital, and they could tell them apart, using the Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On NovemberTemplate:Nbsp15, 1980, Heihe City was created, and on JuneTemplate:Nbsp6, 1983, Aihui County was abolished and merged into the Heihe City.<ref>爱辉区概况 Template:Webarchive (Aihui District overview) Template:In lang</ref>
CommemorationEdit
There are a number of historical sites in today's Aihui Town (30 km south of downtown Heihe) related to the historical Aigun. They include Aihui Ancient City ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Aihui Heroic Defenders' of the Fatherland Garden ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Àihuī Wèiguó Yīngxióng Yuán), and Aihui History Museum ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Àihuī Lìshǐ Chénliè Guǎn).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>