Alassane Ouattara

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An economist by profession, he worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF)<ref name="BBC-Online">"Ivory Coast's Alassane Ouattara in profile" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 11 April 2011.</ref> and the Central Bank of West African States (Template:Langx, BCEAO), and was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from November 1990 to December 1993, appointed to that post by then-President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.<ref name=IMF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, 12 December 2005.</ref><ref name=ADO>CV at Ouattara's website Template:Webarchive Template:In lang.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ouattara became the president of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an Ivorian political party, in 1999.

Early and personal lifeEdit

Ouattara was born on 1 January 1942,<ref name=IMF/><ref name=ADO/> in Dimbokro in Cote d’Ivoire <ref>Laing, Aislinn, "Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara profile" Template:Webarchive, The Telegraph, 6 April 2011.</ref> He is a descendant on his father's side of the Muslim rulers of Burkina Faso, then part of the Kong Empire—also known as the Wattara (Ouattarra) Empire. Ouattara is Muslim<ref name="kong">"Côte d'Ivoire's new president – The king of Kong – Alassane Ouattara takes charge but can he keep the peace?" Template:Webarchive He studied at the High School Zinda Kaboré in Ouaga (Burkina Faso) The Economist, 20 April 2011.</ref> and is a member of the Dyula people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1965 from the Drexel Institute of Technology (now Drexel University), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref name=IMF/> Ouattara then obtained both his master's degree in economics in 1967 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1972 from the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=IMF/>

Ouattara has two children, David Dramane Ouattara and Fanta Catherine Ouattara, from his first marriage to American Barbara Jean Davis. In 1991, Ouattara married Dominique Nouvian, a French Algerian-born Catholic businesswoman of maternal Jewish descent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Their wedding was held in the town hall of the 16th arrondissement of Paris.

Career at financial institutionsEdit

Ouattara was an economist for the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C.<ref name=ADO/> from 1968 to 1973, and afterwards he was the Chargé de Mission in Paris of the Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (West African Central Bank) from 1973 to 1975.<ref name=IMF/><ref name=ADO/> With the BCEAO, he was then Special Advisor to the Governor and Director of Research from February 1975 to December 1982 and Vice Governor from January 1983 to October 1984. From November 1984 to October 1988 he was Director of the African Department at the IMF, and in May 1987 he additionally became Counsellor to the Managing Director at the IMF.<ref name=ADO/> On 28 October 1988 he was appointed as Governor of the BCEAO, and he was sworn in on 22 December 1988.<ref name=BCEAO>"Basic texts and milestones" Template:Webarchive, bceao.int.</ref> Ouattara has a reputation as a hard worker, keen on transparency and good governance.<ref name="BBC-Online"/>

Political careerEdit

Prime ministerEdit

In April 1990, the IMF under the Structural Adjustment Program forced the Ivorian president, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, to accept Ouattara as Chairman of the Inter-ministerial Committee for Coordination of the Stabilization and Economic Recovery Programme of Côte d'Ivoire. While holding that position, Ouattara also remained in his post as BCEAO Governor. He subsequently became Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire on 7 November 1990, still under the IMF imposition,<ref name=ADO/><ref name=BCEAO/> after which Charles Konan Banny replaced him as Interim BCEAO Governor.<ref name=BCEAO/> He also held the position of Minister of Economy and Finance from October 1990 to November 1993.<ref name="financeministers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While serving as prime minister, Ouattara also tried, illegally and against the constitution, to carry out presidential duties for a total of 18 months, including the period from March to December 1993, when Houphouët-Boigny was ill.<ref>"Houphouët-Boigny et ADO: du comité interministériel à la Primature"Template:Dead link, ado.ci Template:In lang.</ref> Houphouët-Boigny died on 7 December 1993, and Ouattara announced his death to the nation, saying that "Côte d'Ivoire is orphaned".<ref>"Décès du Président Félix Houphouët-Boigny", ado.ci Template:In lang.</ref><ref>"African Leader Dies", Newsday, 8 December 1993.</ref> A brief power struggle ensued between Ouattara and Henri Konan Bédié, the president of the National Assembly, over the presidential succession in total disregard for the constitution that clearly gave Bedié the legal right to lead the country if Houphouet became unfit. Bédié prevailed and Ouattara resigned as prime minister on 9 December.<ref name=San>"Prime minister decides to quit", Associated Press (San Antonio Express-News), 10 December 1993.</ref> Ouattara then returned to the IMF as Deputy Managing Director, holding that post from 1 July 1994<ref name=IMF/><ref name=ADO/> to 31 July 1999.<ref name=ADO/>

1995 electionEdit

Prior to the October 1995 presidential election, the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire approved an electoral code that barred candidates if either of their parents were of a foreign nationality and if they had not lived in Côte d'Ivoire for the preceding five years. It was widely thought these provisions were aimed at Ouattara. Owing to his duties with the IMF, he had not resided in the country since 1990. Also, his father was born in Burkina Faso. The Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an opposition party formed as a split from the ruling Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI) in 1994, sought for Ouattara to be its presidential candidate. In late June 1995, RDR Secretary-General Djéni Kobina met with Ouattara, at which time, according to Kobina, Ouattara said: "I'm ready to join you."<ref name="Mundt">Template:Cite book</ref> The party nominated Ouattara as its presidential candidate on 3 July 1995<ref>"Jul 1995 - Selection of Ouattara as RDR presidential candidate", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, July 1995 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 40630.</ref> at its first ordinary congress.<ref>Brahima, Coulibaly, "Côte d'Ivoire: Organisation du 2ème congrès ordinaire du Rdr, des cadres manoeuvrent pour le report" Template:Webarchive, Nord-Sud (allAfrica.com), 27 July 2007 Template:In lang.</ref> The government would not change the electoral code, however,<ref name="Mundt" /> and Ouattara declined the nomination.<ref>"ADO est élu Président du RDR, le 1er Août 1999"Template:Dead link, ado.ci Template:In lang.</ref><ref>"Oct 1995 – Presidential elections", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, October 1995 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 40759.</ref> The RDR boycotted the election, along with the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) of Laurent Gbagbo, leaving the PDCI's candidate, incumbent president Henri Konan Bédié, to win an easy victory.<ref name="Mundt" />

President of the RDREdit

While serving as Deputy Managing Director at the IMF, in March 1998, Ouattara expressed his intention to return to Côte d'Ivoire and take part in politics again.<ref>"Ivorian ex-premier to quit IMF for return to politics" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 30 March 1998.</ref> After leaving the IMF in July 1999, he was elected President of the RDR on 1 August 1999 at an extraordinary congress of the party,<ref name=ADOBio>Biography at Ouattara's website Template:In lang.</ref> as well as being chosen as its candidate for the next presidential election.<ref>"Ivorian opposition elects former premier as presidential candidate", Associated Press, 1 August 1999.</ref> He said he was eligible to stand in the election, pointing to documents he said demonstrated that he and his parents were of Ivorian birth.

He was accused of forging these papers, prompting investigations.<ref>"Côte d'Ivoire: Police arrest scores outside politician's home" Template:Webarchive, IRIN, 15 September 1999.</ref><ref>"Ivory Coast opposition leader under investigation" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 22 September 1999.</ref> President Bédié described Ouattara as a Burkinabé and said that Houphouët-Boigny "wanted Alassane Ouattara to concern himself only with the economy".<ref>"Côte d'Ivoire: Former political foes strike pact to oust Gbagbo" Template:Webarchive, IRIN, 18 May 2005.</ref> Ouattara's nationality certificate, issued in late September 1999,<ref name=Annul>"Cote d'Ivoire: Court annuls presidential candidate's nationality certificate", AFP, 27 October 1999.</ref> was annulled by a court on 27 October.<ref name=Annul/><ref>"Opposition leader blasts 'undemocratic' government" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 29 October 1999.</ref> An arrest warrant for Ouattara was issued on 29 November, although he was out of the country at the time; he nevertheless said that he would return by late December.<ref>"Côte d'Ivoire: Arrest warrant issued for opposition politician" Template:Webarchive, IRIN, 9 December 1999.</ref>

On 24 December, the military seized power, ousting Bédié. Ouattara returned to Côte d'Ivoire after three months in France on 29 December, hailing Bédié's ouster as "not a coup d'état", but "a revolution supported by all the Ivorian people".<ref>"Ivory Coast coup a 'popular revolution'" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 29 December 1999.</ref><ref>"COTE D'IVOIRE: Former Prime Minister returns home" Template:Webarchive, IRIN, 4 January 2000.</ref>

A new constitution, approved by referendum in July 2000, controversially barred presidential candidates unless both of their parents were Ivorians,<ref>"Jul 2000 – Referendum on new constitution", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 46, July 2000 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 43661.</ref> and Ouattara was disqualified from the 2000 presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The issues surrounding this were major factors in the First Ivorian Civil War, which broke out in 2002.

When asked in an interview about Ouattara's nationality, Burkinabé President Blaise Compaoré responded, "For us, things are simple: he does not come from Burkina Faso, neither by birth, marriage, or naturalization. This man has been Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire."

President Gbagbo affirmed on 6 August 2007 that Ouattara could stand in the next Ivorian presidential election.<ref>"La présidentielle envisagée par Gbagbo pour fin 2007" Template:Webarchive, L'Humanité, 8 August 2007 Template:In lang.</ref> Ouattara was designated as the RDR's presidential candidate at its Second Ordinary Congress on 1–3 February 2008; he was also re-elected as President of the RDR for another five years. At the congress, he invited the former rebel New Forces, from whom he had previously distanced himself, to team up with the RDR for the election.<ref name=Pret>"Alassane Ouattara prêt à s'associer aux ex-rebelles" Template:Webarchive, AFP, 3 February 2008.</ref>

At the time, Ouattara said publicly that he did not believe Gbagbo would organize transparent and fair elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The RDR and the PDCI are both members of the Rally of Houphouëtistes, and while Ouattara and Bédié ran separately in the first round, each agreed to support the other if only one of them made it into a potential second round.<ref name=Pret/>

2010 presidential election and aftermathEdit

File:Alassane Ouattara UNESCO 09-2011.jpg

Ouattara at UNESCO in September 2011

Template:Update {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results announced independently by the president of the Electoral Commission from the headquarters of Ouattara due to concern about fraud in that commission.Template:Clarify They showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former prime minister Alassane Ouattara.<ref name=Thousands26>Template:Cite news</ref>

The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission.<ref name=Thousands26 /> After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.<ref name=Thousands26 />

The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Alassane Ouattara as winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies<ref>"Final Communique on the Extraordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of State and Government on Cote D’Ivoire" Template:Webarchive, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 7 December 2010.</ref> while the African Union also suspended the country's membership.<ref>"Communique of the 252nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council" Template:Webarchive, African Union, 9 December 2010.</ref>

File:Secretary Clinton and Ivoirian President Ouattara Hold a Joint Press Conference.jpg

Hillary Clinton and Ouattara respond to questions from reporters during their joint press conference at the Presidential Palace in Abidjan, 2012

In 2010, a colonel of the Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 9 mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia.<ref>"FBI nabbed colonel on official business" Template:Webarchive, UPI, 21 September 2010.</ref><ref>United States Court of Appeals Memorandum Template:Webarchive, 18 December 2015.</ref>

The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In the city of Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozens were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011. The country was severely damaged by the war, and observers say it will be a challenge for Ouattara to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The developments in the country were welcomed by world leaders. U.S. President Barack Obama applauded news of the developments in Côte d'Ivoire, and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as saying Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong signal to dictators and tyrants.... They may not disregard the voice of their own people".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2012 marriage law rowEdit

In a controversial move in November 2012, President Ouattara sacked his government in a row over a new marriage law that would make wives joint heads of the household. His own party supported the changes, but the elements of the ruling coalition resisted, with the strongest opposition coming from the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Second term, 2015–2020Edit

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File:Shinzo Abe and Alassane Ouattara at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1).jpg

Shinzo Abe with Alassane Ouattara at the Guest House Akasaka Palace in 2019

Ouattara won a second five-year term in 2015 with almost 84% of the vote. With 2,118,229 votes, or 83.66% of votes cast, and a 54.63% turnout, his victory was a landslide compared to the 50% required to avoid a run-off and the 9% of his closest rival, FPI leader Pascal Affi N'Guessan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At the RDR's Third Ordinary Congress on 9–10 September 2017, it was expected that Ouattara would be elected as President of the RDR, but he instead proposed Henriette Diabaté for the post, and she was duly elected by acclamation.<ref>Sylvestre-Treiner, Anna, "Côte d’Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara choisit Henriette Dagri Diabaté pour présider son parti" Template:Webarchive, Jeune Afrique, 10 September 2017 Template:In lang.</ref>

In March 2020, Ouattara announced he would not run again in the presidential elections of 31Template:NbspOctober 2020,<ref>Ivorians react to Ouattara’s exit. Template:Webarchive africanews.com, 6 March 2020</ref> and supported Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly as the presidential candidate of the RDR. After the sudden death of Coulibaly on 8Template:NbspJuly 2020, Ouattara considered putting forward Defense Minister Hamed Bakayoko, before changing his mind due to alleged links to drug trafficking. In July, he announced a run for a third term in office. His candidacy was controversial, for the Ivorian constitution permits only two presidential terms. The Constitutional Court ruled that the first term under a different constitution did not count for the purposes of the two-term rule of the current constitution, thus allowing Ouattara's candidacy; this led to violent protests in Abidjan and throughout the country.<ref>Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. Template:Webarchive Deutsche Welle (dw.com), 15 September 2020</ref> The election of October 2020 was thus boycotted by a large part of the opposition, and saw the reelection of Alassane Ouattara with 95.31% of the votes under a 53.90% turnout.Template:Citation needed

HonoursEdit

NationalEdit

File:Cote d'Ivoire Ordre national GC ribbon.svg Grand Collar of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (4 December 2010)

Foreign honoursEdit

Template:Flag:
- File:Burkina Faso Ordre national GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Template:Ill, formerly National Order of Burkina Faso (31 July 2019)
Template:Flag:
- File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Star of Ghana.gif Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana (16 October 2017)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag:
- File:Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali (3 September 2013)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Flag:
- File:National Order - Grand Cross (Niger) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cross of the Template:Ill
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- File:Order of the Pioneers of Liberia - ribbon bar.png Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia
Template:Flag:
- File:PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar BAR.svg Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (12 September 2017)
Template:Flag:
- File:TGO Order of Mono - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Mono
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- File:SEN Order of the Lion - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion (11 November 2023)
Template:Flag:
- File:Order of Merit for Defence - Knight (Brazil) - ribbon bar.png Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Republic (31 July 2017)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag:
- File:Decoration without ribbon - en.svg Member of Order of South Africa (22 July 2022)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Portal Template:In lang Alassane Ouattara.com Political Web site from Ouattara's circle of influence.

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Template:IvorianPresidents Template:IvorianPMs Template:Heads of state of republics Template:Authority control