Alexander Ramsey

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Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815Template:Spaced ndash April 22, 1903) was an American politician, who became the first Minnesota Territorial Governor and later became a U.S. Senator. He served as a Whig and Republican over a variety of offices between the 1840s and the 1880s.

Early years and familyEdit

Born in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, on September 8, 1815,<ref name=MNHS /> Alexander was the eldest of five children born to Thomas Ramsey and Elizabeth Kelker (also Kölliker or Köllker).<ref name=Butler /> His father was a blacksmith who committed suicide<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> at age 42<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when he went bankrupt in 1826,<ref name=MNHS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> after signing for a note of a friend.<ref name=Butler /> Alexander lived with his uncle in Harrisburg, after his family split up to live with relatives.<ref name=Butler>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His brother Justus Cornelius Ramsey served in the Minnesota Territorial Legislature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ramsey first studied carpentry at Lafayette College but left during his third year. He read law with Hamilton Alricks, and attended Judge John Reed's law school in Carlisle (now Penn State-Dickinson Law) in 1839. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1839.<ref name=Butler />

In 1844 Ramsey married Anna Earl Jenks, daughter of Michael Hutchinson Jenks, and they had three children. Only one daughter, Marion, survived past childhood.<ref name=Butler />

CareerEdit

Alexander Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1, 1849, to May 15, 1853, as a member of the Whig Party.

Ramsey was of Scottish and German ancestry.<ref>Minnesota Historical Society collections, Volume 13 By Minnesota Historical Society, p. 5</ref> In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860, to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War. He happened to be in Washington, D.C., when fighting broke out. When he heard about the firing on Fort Sumter he went straight to the White House and offered Minnesota's services to Abraham Lincoln.

He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses. He supported the Radical Republicans,<ref name="McMullinWalker1984">Template:Cite book</ref> who called for vigorous prosecution of the Civil War, and a military reconstruction of the South.<ref name="TuckerJr.2015">Template:Cite book</ref> He voted for the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.<ref name="TuckerJr.2015"/>

File:Wisconsin Chippewas Wish to Fight the Sioux.png

(Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa reservation archives)

Ramsey called for the killing or removal of the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Dakota from the state of Minnesota during the Dakota War of 1862. After pressing the Dakota to sell their land, he and other officials stole from the Dakota's annuities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In response, some of the Dakota attacked American settlements, resulting in the death of at least 800 civilian men, women and children, and the displacement of thousands more.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When the Fond du Lac band of Chippewa learned of the uprising they sent a letter to Ramsey to forward to President Lincoln offering to fight the Sioux dated September 6, 1862.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 19 Sept 1862, p.3, 2023, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [1]</ref> A few days later on September 9 Ramsey addressed the state legislature proclaiming: "The Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the State," which he justified by citing various outrages against the settlers and violations of their treaties.<ref>Ramsey, Alexander (1862). "Message of Governor Ramsey to the Legislature of Minnesota, delivered September 9, 1862." In Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota, for the year 1862. Wm. R. Marshall: 1863.</ref> In the north the Chippewa/Ojibwa were having problems with their Indian agent stealing from them. Gov. Ramsey lead a legislative commission to the Crow Wing agency to address their issues.<ref>Letter of Commissioner Dole, 11 Sept, 1862, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol. VII, No.8, September 17, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn [2]</ref> There 10 chiefs of the Leech Lake and Mississippi bands laid out their concerns and offered to fight the Sioux for the government.<ref>Appendix, Journal of the House of Representatives, State of Minnesota 1862, Wm R. Marshall, Press Printing Company, St Paul, pp.135-8 [3]</ref><ref>The Chippewa Embassy, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV, No.14, Sept. 19, 1862, p.5, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [4]</ref> The commission liked their offer and Gov. Ramsey invited the leaders of 22 bands of Ojibwa to St. Paul. They came on September 23 waving the America flag thinking their offers had been accepted.<ref>The Indian War in Minnesota, Memphis Daily Appeal, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [5]</ref> Ramsey had to instruct them that Major General Pope would not accept their service on the grounds that it would not be good public policy. However, they would be contacted if they were needed.<ref>Chippewa Visitors, St Paul Daily Press, 24 Sept, 1862, No. 149, p.1, 2023, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [6]</ref> In 1863, in response to continued raids on settlers, he authorized a bounty for the scalps of Dakota males.<ref name=wingerd>Template:Cite book</ref>

On April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. There were very few senior officials in D.C. that morning. Ramsey was and took part in initiating the transfer of the Presidency to Vice President Johnson.<ref>President Johnson Swears In, Evening Star, March 03, 1885, p.2, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [7]</ref>

Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. Hayes.<ref name="mcbride">Template:Cite magazine</ref> He was one of the commissioners to govern Utah from 1882 to 1886 under the Edmunds Act.<ref name="mcbride"/> The act made it illegal for polygamists to vote or hold office. Ramsey and four others were defendants in the Supreme Court case Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15 (1885). The Supreme Court upheld the federal law that denied polygamists the right to vote.

Late in the fall of 1885 ex-governor Ramsey escorted the son of Chippewa Chief Hole in the Day to Washington D.C. as Minnesota's candidate to West Point.<ref>The Press and Daily Dakotan, Nov. 5, 1885, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [8]</ref>

LegacyEdit

The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home, the Alexander Ramsey House as a museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

File:Ramsey home.jpg

Ramsey's house in Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1960

Counties, towns, parks, and schools are named after Ramsey, including:

Ramsey County, Minnesota,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ramsey County, North Dakota
The city of Ramsey, Minnesota
The city of Ramsey, Illinois,<ref name="historicgville">Allan H. Keith, Historical Stories: About Greenville and Bond County, IL. Consulted on August 15, 2007.</ref>
Alexander Ramsey Park in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, formerly a state park, it is the largest municipal park in Minnesota.
Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota
Hidden River Middle School in Saint Paul, Minnesota was formerly named after him. During the 2021–2022 school year, the school was renamed after approval from the St Paul School Board;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> staff and students had previously called for a name change in the spring of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota.
Justice Page Middle School in Minneapolis, Minnesota was formerly named after him when it was first founded in 1932 (Ramsey International Fine Arts Center and formerly Alexander Ramsey Junior High School).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 2016–17 school year, a student-initiated effort to rename Ramsey Middle School resulted in renaming the school after Alan Page, the first African-American Minnesota Supreme Court justice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He was the namesake of the Liberty Ship SS Alexander Ramsey launched in 1942.

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Biographical information, gubernatorial records, and Ramsey's personal papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.

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