Alexis Bachelot
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Alexis Bachelot, SS.CC., (born Jean-Augustin Bachelot; 22 February 1796 – 5 December 1837) was a Catholic priest best known for his tenure as the first Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. In that role, he led the first permanent Catholic mission to the Kingdom of Hawaii. Bachelot was raised in France, where he attended the Irish College in Paris, and was ordained a priest in 1820. He led the first Catholic mission to Hawaii, arriving in 1827. Although he had expected the approval of then Hawaiian King Kamehameha II, he learned upon arrival that Kamehameha II had died and a new government that was hostile towards Catholic missionaries had been installed. Bachelot, however, was able to convert a small group of Hawaiians and quietly minister to them for four years before being deported in 1831 on the orders of Kaʻahumanu, the Kuhina Nui (a position similar to queen regent) of Hawaii.
Bachelot then traveled to California, where he served as an assistant minister while pastoring and teaching. In 1837, having learned of Queen Kaʻahumanu's death and King Kamehameha III's willingness to allow Catholic priests on the island, Bachelot returned to Hawaii, intending to continue his missionary work. However, by Bachelot's arrival, Kamehameha III had again changed his mind and Bachelot was removed from the island and confined to a ship for several months. He was freed only after the French and British navies imposed a naval blockade on the Honolulu harbor. Although he was later able to secure passage on a ship to Micronesia, he died en route and was buried on an islet near Pohnpei. His treatment in Hawaii prompted the government of France to dispatch a frigate to the island; the resulting intervention is known as the French Incident and led to the emancipation of Catholics in Hawaii.
Early lifeEdit
Bachelot was born in Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière, Orne, France on 22 February 1796.Template:Sfn In 1806, he left home for Paris, where he enrolled in the Preparatory Seminary of Picpus to pursue priesthood. In 1813, he professed at the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary,Template:Sfn taking the name Alexis.Template:Sfn He studied at the Irish College in ParisTemplate:Sfn before being ordained as a priest in 1820. As a priest, he initially served as the College's rector and later led the preparatory seminary at Tours.Template:Sfn
Hawaiian missionEdit
In the early 1820s, Jean Baptiste Rives, a French adviser to the Hawaiian king Kamehameha II, traveled to Europe to attempt to convince European Catholics to organize a mission to Hawaii. Members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were receptive to his idea,Template:Sfn and in 1825, Pope Leo XII assigned them the task of evangelizing Hawaii.Template:Sfn Bachelot was appointed the Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, and in this role led the first permanent mission to Hawaii.Template:Sfn
The expedition was organized by the influential Monneron family and funded by the government of France. Bachelot was assisted in his new position by fellow priests Patrick Short and Abraham Armand, as well as several lay brothers. The mission sailed from Bordeaux on La Comète in November 1826. The missionaries were initially accompanied by a group that planned to explore commercial trading opportunitiesTemplate:Sfn but returned to France after reaching Mexico.Template:Sfn
Unbeknownst to Bachelot, political changes occurred in Hawaii prior to the mission's arrival. King Template:Nowrap died in 1824 and his younger brother Template:Nowrap became king.Template:Sfn Because Template:Nowrap was young at the time of his ascension, Queen Kaʻahumanu (their stepmother) ruled as Kuhina Nui.Template:Sfn On the advice of [[Hiram Bingham I|Hiram Template:Nowrap]]—a Protestant missionary who had converted the Hawaiian royalty four years previously—Queen Kaʻahumanu took a hard stance against Catholicism. Rives' influence on the Hawaiian government had faded,Template:Sfn and he never returned to Hawaii.Template:Sfn
La Comète arrived in Honolulu on 7 July 1827. The priests were faced with a situation of dire poverty owing to the absence of Rives' patronage.Template:Sfn Furthermore, they had promised La Comète's captain that Rives would pay for their passage after they arrived in Hawaii, but by the time of their arrival, Rives had already left.Template:Sfn Queen Kaʻahumanu refused to allow the missionaries to stay, suspecting them to be covert agents of the government of France.Template:Sfn She instructed La Comète's captain to take the mission with him when he departed.Template:Sfn The captain, however, refused to do so because he did not receive payment for their passage, so the party was able to remain.Template:Sfn
The priests began their missionary work, but encountered suspicion from most chiefs. The members of the party had great difficulty defending themselves, as none of them was fluent in English or Hawaiian.Template:Sfn But, the group were favorably received by the high chief Boki,Template:Sfn the royal governor of Oahu, and his wife Kuini Liliha. (The couple were Catholic converts and rivals of Queen Kaʻahumanu.) Boki welcomed the party and gave its members permission to stay.Template:Sfn
For several months, Bachelot and his fellow missionaries lived in three small rented structures,Template:Sfn saying their first mass on the island in a grass hut.Template:Sfn They later built a chapel on a small plot of land they purchased,Template:Sfn where the Cathedral of Our Lady of PeaceTemplate:Sfn was dedicated in 1843.Template:Sfn After settling on the island, the group avoided drawing attention to themselves and studied the Hawaiian language.Template:Sfn During their mission's first two years, the group converted 65 HawaiiansTemplate:Sfn and ministered to Hawaiians who had already been converted.Template:Sfn They often held surreptitious night-time meetings with converts who feared persecution.Template:Sfn The priests' vestments and rituals made their evangelism efforts more effective because they reminded Hawaiians of native religious customs.Template:Sfn
Bachelot introduced two plant species to Hawaii: Prosopis humilisTemplate:Sfn and Bougainvillea.Template:Sfn Prosopis humilis trees later covered thousands of acres there.Template:Sfn He had obtained the seeds, which were originally gathered by Catholic missionaries in California, from the Royal Conservatory in Paris.Template:Sfn Bachelot translated a prayer book into Hawaiian (O Ke A'o Ana Kristiano, "Christian Doctrine", c. 1831),Template:Sfn authored a catechism in Hawaiian (He Ōlelo Ho'ona'auao, "A Word of Instruction", 1831),Template:Sfn and wrote an introduction to Hawaiian grammar in French (Notes Grammaticales, "Grammatical Notes", 1834).Template:Sfn
PersecutionEdit
By 1827, Protestant Christianity, and in particular Bingham's teachings,Template:Sfn had become the de facto state religion of the Kingdom of Hawaii.Template:Sfn Queen Kaʻahumanu persecuted Catholics from 1829 until her death in 1832, by, for example, forbidding Hawaiians from attending masses and instructing Bachelot not to proselytize.Template:Sfn In December 1831, Bachelot and Short were deported and forced to leave on a ship, the Waverly, bound for North America.Template:Sfn Though Queen Kaʻahumanu steadfastly opposed his work, Bachelot viewed her as a good person who had been deceived by Protestant missionaries.Template:Sfn
The news of Bachelot and Short's expulsion caused controversy in the United States, where it was viewed as a violation of the rights appertaining to foreigners in the 1826 treaty signed by Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones of the United States Navy and King Template:Nowrap. U.S. Navy Commodore John Downes protested the expulsions while in discussion with chiefs during his 1832 visit to the kingdom.Template:Sfn
CaliforniaEdit
The Waverly landed at a vacant area near San Pedro, Los Angeles, in January 1832.Template:Sfn Bachelot and Short traveled to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel,Template:Sfn where they were welcomed by the Franciscans who staffed the mission.Template:Sfn Bachelot later became the pastor of a church in Los Angeles,Template:Sfn served as an assistant minister for the mission,Template:Sfn and led the mission on an interim basis after its priest was reassigned in 1834.Template:Sfn He also taught in Los Angeles schools during a teacher shortage.Template:Sfn He ministered in California until 1837Template:Sfn and became popular with Angelenos.Template:Sfn
In 1833, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith reorganized the jurisdiction of Oceania. Hawaii became part of the newly created Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania, which was split into northern and southern divisions. Bachelot remained as the Prefect Apostolic for the northern division. Etienne Jerome Rouchouze served as the Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Oceania and oversaw Bachelot's assignment in Hawaii.Template:Sfn
In 1835 and 1836, two representatives of the Catholic Church traveled to Hawaii in an attempt to ascertain whether Bachelot could return.Template:Sfn Queen Kaʻahumanu had died in 1832, and the following year King Template:Nowrap began making radical changes to Hawaiian law.Template:Sfn Columban Murphy, a Catholic lay brother from the United Kingdom, visited King Template:Nowrap in 1835 and discussed the possibility of Bachelot's return.Template:Sfn Finding King Template:Nowrap amenable to the idea, Murphy traveled to California to relay the news. He was unable, however, to locate Bachelot, who was absent from the area at the time. After Bachelot received Murphy's message, Bachelot and Short decided to return to Hawaii.Template:Sfn The Ayuntamiento in Los Angeles, a municipal council, attempted to dissuade BachelotTemplate:Sfn and asked the Catholic leadership in Santa Barbara to prevent him from leaving,Template:Sfn but he insisted on departingTemplate:Sfn and the Catholic leadership did not prevent him.Template:Sfn
Final yearsEdit
When Bachelot and Short arrived in Honolulu in May 1837, they spent only 13 days on the island. Notwithstanding the agreement he had signed with French Naval Captain Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars that allowed French citizens to live on the island,Template:Sfn King Template:Nowrap sought to deport the priests. Bachelot and Short were confined to the ship on which they had arrived, the Clémentine,Template:Sfn on Template:Nowrap.Template:Sfn However, the Clémentine's captain, Jules Dudoit, refused to transport them from Hawaii.Template:Sfn Dudoit, a British citizen of French descent, met with Charlton, the British consul, and they publicly protested the priests' confinement.Template:Sfn Their efforts to secure freedom for the priests to live on the island were unsuccessfulTemplate:Sfn until the British naval vessel HMS Sulphur and the French frigate the La Vénus arrived in HonoluluTemplate:Sfn on Template:Nowrap.Template:Sfn The ships were commanded respectively by Edward Belcher and Dupetit Thouars, who each tried to convince the authorities to allow the priests to return to the island. After negotiations proved futile, they blockaded the harbor, boarded the Clémentine, and brought Bachelot and Short ashore. The La Vénus sent 300 sailors to escort them from the harbor to the French mission. King Template:Nowrap agreed to allow the priests to stay in Honolulu until they could find a ship to transport them elsewhere, under the condition that they refrain from proselytizing.Template:Sfn
That year, Bachelot, who suffered from a form of rheumatism,Template:Sfn became very sick.Template:Sfn By November 1837, he had recovered sufficiently to leave Hawaii. He purchased a shipTemplate:Sfn and sailed toward Micronesia, intending to work on a mission.Template:Sfn Bachelot's health significantly worsened after leaving HawaiiTemplate:Sfn and he died at sea on 5 December 1837.Template:Sfn He was buried on an islet off the coast of Pohnpei. In 1838, a small chapel was built near his grave.Template:Sfn
Owing to the persecution of Bachelot and his fellow priests, the government of France sent the frigate L'Artémise to Hawaii in 1839. Its captain, Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace, had been instructed to force the government to stop persecuting Catholics. In response to this show of force, King Template:Nowrap granted Catholics freedom of religion.Template:Sfn
ReferencesEdit
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