Ali al-Sajjad

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Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad (Template:Langx, Template:Circa – 712), also known as Zayn al-Abidin (Template:Langx) was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the fourth imam in Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Husayn ibn Ali, his uncle, Hasan ibn Ali, and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Ali al-Sajjad was born around 658. He survived the Battle of Karbala in 680, in which Husayn and his small caravan were massacred en route to Kufa by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I (Template:Reign). After the battle, al-Sajjad and other survivors were treated poorly and taken to the Umayyad capital Damascus. Al-Sajjad was eventually allowed to return to his hometown of Medina, where he led a secluded life, without participating in the numerous pro-Alid uprisings against the Umayyads during the civil war of the Second Fitna. Instead, he devoted his life to worship and learning, and was highly esteemed, even among proto-Sunnis, as a leading authority on Islamic tradition (hadith) and law (Template:Transliteration). He was also known for his piety and virtuous character. Being politically quiescent, al-Sajjad had few followers until late in his life, for many Shia Muslims were initially drawn to the anti-Umayyad movement of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.

Ali al-Sajjad died around 712, either from natural causes or having been poisoned by the Umayyads. After his death, the mainstream Shia followed his eldest son, the equally quiescent Muhammad al-Baqir. Some others followed Muhammad's much younger half-brother, Zayd ibn Ali, whose rebellion was crushed by the Umayyads in 740, marking the birth of Zaydism. Some supplications attributed to al-Sajjad are collected in Template:Transliteration (Template:Literal translation), which is highly regarded by the Shia. Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance when numerical odds are against one.

LifeEdit

Birth and early lifeEdit

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Ali al-Sajjad was born in Medina, or perhaps in Kufa, in the year 38 AH (658Template:Ndash659).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Shia Muslims annually celebrate the fifth of Sha'ban for this occasion.Template:Sfn

Al-Sajjad was the great-grandson of Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the grandson of the first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, by the latter's marriage with Muhammad's daughter, Fatima.Template:Sfn After his grandfather was assassinated in 661, al-Sajjad was raised by his uncle Hasan ibn Ali and his father, Husayn ibn Ali, the second and third Shia imams, respectively.Template:Sfn Husayn also had two other sons named Ali, both of whom were killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680. The first one was an infant, identified in Shia literature as Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn (Template:Lit). The second one was Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn (Template:Literal translation), although some historical accounts suggest that al-Sajjad was instead the eldest son of Husayn.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Al-Sajjad's mother is named variously in sources as Barra, Gazala, Solafa, Salama, Shahzanan, and Shahrbanu.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to some Sunni accounts, she was a freed slave girl (Template:Transliteration) from Sindh.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In contrast, Shia sources maintain that al-Sajjad's mother a daughter of Yazdegerd III (Template:Reign), the last Sasanian Emperor,Template:Sfn who was overthrown during the Muslim conquest of Persia.Template:Sfn Shia tradition thus refers to al-Sajjad as Ibn al-Khiyaratayn (Template:Literal translation), a title that signifies his noble descent on both sides.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, the claim that al-Sajjad's mother was a Sasanian princess is specific to Shia sources.Template:Sfn Shia accounts add that Yazdegerd's daughter was brought to Medina as a captive during the reign of the second caliph, Umar (Template:Reign). She was then allowed to choose her husband, Husayn, and died shortly after giving birth to her only son, Ali al-Sajjad.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

KarbalaEdit

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On 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680), Husayn and his small caravan were intercepted and massacred in Karbala, present-day Iraq, by the forces of the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I (Template:Reign), to whom Husayn had refused to pledge his allegiance.Template:Sfn Ali al-Sajjad was also present there, in the Battle of Karbala, but was too ill to fight.Template:Sfn After killing Husayn and his male relatives and supporters, the Umayyad troops looted his camp and some were intent on killing al-Sajjad but his life was ultimately spared.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

After the battle, al-Sajjad and the women were taken prisoner and marched to the nearby Kufa.Template:Sfn They were badly treated along the way.Template:Sfnm Once in Kufa, they were paraded in shackles, and the women unveiled, around the city, along with the heads of the fallen.Template:Sfn The captives were then presented to the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, who boasted of killing Husayn and his relatives,Template:Sfn calling it divine punishment.Template:Sfn When al-Sajjad responded that Ibn Ziyad was a murderer,Template:Sfn the governor ordered his execution but relented when al-Sajjad was protected by his aunt Zaynab, who asked to be killed first.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Ibn Ziyad imprisoned the captives for a time and then sent them to the Umayyad capital, Damascus.Template:Sfn

As the captives were taken to Damascus,Template:Sfn they were displayed from village to village along the way.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn A letter to Yazid, attributed to Muhammad's cousin Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas, chastises the caliph for treating the captives poorly, suggesting that such treatment was worse than the massacre.Template:Sfn

In DamascusEdit

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In Damascus, captives were paraded in the streetsTemplate:Sfn and then imprisoned for a whileTemplate:Sfn before being brought to the caliph. Yazid's reaction to, and his culpability in, the events in Karbala have been debated in medieval and modern sources alike.Template:Sfn

The first narrative is that he treated the captives kindly after an initial, harsh interrogation, saying that he regretted the conduct of his governor, and that he would have pardoned Husayn if he were alive.Template:Sfn Such accounts are offered by the Islamicists Laura Veccia Vaglieri, Wilferd Madelung, and Heinz Halm.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In contrast, Moojan Momen, another expert, believes that Yazid, fearing social unrest, released the captives as public opinion began to sway in their favor.Template:Sfn Similar views are expressed by some other authors, including John Esposito,Template:Sfn R. Osman,Template:Sfn K. Aghaie,Template:Sfn D. Pinault,Template:Sfn H. Munson,Template:Sfn and the Shia scholar Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i.Template:Sfn In particular, the Islamicist Husain Mohammad Jafri writes that Yazid is not known to have reprimanded his governor in the wake of the massacre, which does not suggest any remorse to Jafri. At any rate, such claims of remorse are in stark contrast to Yazid's earlier orders to his governor to either exact homage from Husayn or kill him.Template:Sfn

The alternative narrative suggests that the captives were brought to the caliph in a ceremony, who gloated over avenging his pagan relatives killed fighting Muhammad.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Such accounts are given by the Islamicists Tahera Qutbuddin and R. Osman.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to some reports, Yazid also dishonored the severed head of Husayn with blows from a cane,Template:Sfn although this last episode is sometimes attributed to Ibn Ziyad instead,Template:Sfnm in line with the Sunni tendency to exonerate the caliph of killing Husayn and blaming Ibn Ziyad.Template:Sfn Part of the great mosque in Damascus, known as Mashhad Ali, marks where al-Sajjad was incarcerated.Template:Sfn

The captives were eventually freed and escorted back to Medina.Template:Sfn Their caravan may have returned via Karbala, where they halted to mourn the dead.Template:Sfn Sunni sources report of Yazid's remorse for the massacre and that he compensated the captives for the properties plundered by his soldiers.Template:Sfn In contrast, Shia authorities contend that it was the captives' activism that compelled the caliph to eventually distance himself from the massacre.Template:Sfn Similar views have been expressed by some contemporary authors.Template:Sfnm

Later lifeEdit

Ali al-Sajjad led a quiet and scholarly life after returning to Medina, confining himself to a small circle of followers and disciples.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He kept aloof from politics and dedicated his time to prayer, which earned him his honorifics.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

For many years, al-Sajjad commemorated the Karbala massacre in private gatherings,Template:Sfn fearing the Umayyads' wrath.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Such gatherings were a form of protest against the Umayyad regime,Template:Sfn and the precursor of Shia Muharram rituals.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Personally, al-Sajjad was deeply affected by the Karbala massacre, to the point that for many years he frequently wept over it. He justified his prolonged grief with a reference to the Quranic verse 12:84, which describes the immense grief of Jacob during the absence of his son Joseph.Template:Sfn

Role in the Second FitnaEdit

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After the Karbala massacre, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the son of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, who was a prominent companion of Muhammad, declared himself caliph in the Hejaz. He gradually gained popular support,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn to the extent that in 683 the Kufans forcibly replaced their Umayyad governor with a representative of Ibn Zubayr.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Ali al-Sajjad remained neutral towards Ibn Zubayr,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn even leaving town during the unrest in Medina,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and never pledging allegiance to Ibn Zubayr,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but being left unmolested by him. Ali al-Sajjad was also not harmed by Yazid's forces, who later pillaged Medina after their victory at the Battle of al-Harra in 683.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn On this occasion, al-Sajjad, unlike others, was exempted from a renewed oath of allegiance to Yazid,Template:Sfn perhaps because he had earlier sheltered the Umayyad Marwan ibn al-Hakam and his family.Template:Sfn Some non-Shia sources describe a friendly relationship between al-Sajjad and Marwan, who in 684 succeeded Yazid's sickly son in the caliphate. Such sources even allege that al-Sajjad borrowed from Marwan to buy a concubine or that he was consulted by him about a message from the Byzantine emperor. In contrast, Shia sources contend that al-Sajjad interacted with authorities under the principle of religious dissimulation (Template:Transliteration) to avoid persecution.Template:Sfn

In the wake of the Karbala massacre, the Tawwabins (Template:Literal translation) in Kufa were the first to seek revenge. They revolted to atone for having deserted Husayn, meaning to deliver the caliphate to his son, al-Sajjad;Template:Sfn Template:Sfn but they were crushed in 684 by a much larger Umayyad army.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn There is no evidence that al-Sajjad was involved in this uprising.Template:Sfn

Shortly after Yazid's death in 683, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi appeared in Kufa,Template:Sfn where he campaigned to avenge Husayn, while claiming to represent Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, who was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, but not from the latter's marriage to Fatima.Template:Sfn By some accounts, Mukhtar initially sought the support of al-Sajjad, who refused.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Mukhtar's campaign in Kufa was nevertheless successful, and he seized control of the city in 686,Template:Sfn whereupon he killed some of those thought to be responsible for the Karbala massacre,Template:Sfn including Shimr, Ibn Sa'd, and Ibn Ziyad.Template:Sfn Mukhtar may have even made a gift of Ibn Sa'd's head to al-Sajjad.Template:Sfn When Mukhtar was himself killed by Ibn Zubayr's forces in 687,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn they did not harm al-Sajjad,Template:Sfn which suggests that al-Sajjad had only weak ties to Mukhtar.Template:Sfn Sources are contradictory as to what al-Sajjad thought of Mukhtar,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn although Shia sources are largely unsympathetic towards Mukhtar,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn in part because he championed Ibn al-Hanafiyya rather than al-Sajjad.Template:Sfn Similarly, al-Sajjad was not harmed by the Umayyad commander Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf,Template:Sfn who defeated and killed Ibn Zubayr in 692.Template:Sfn

DeathEdit

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The desecrated grave of al-Sajjad in the Baqi' Cemetery in Medina

Ali al-Sajjad died in 94 or 95 AH (712Template:Ndash714) and was buried next to his uncle Hasan in the al-Baqi cemetery in Medina.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Shia Muslims annually commemorate this occasion on the eleventh of Safar.Template:Sfn A shrine stood over his grave until its demolition in 1806; and then, after reconstruction, it was demolished again in 1925 or 1926, both demolitions being carried out by the adherents of Wahhabism,Template:Sfn a revivalist Saudi-backed movement that considers the veneration of Muslim saints a form of polytheism and a grave sin.(Template:Transliteration).Template:Sfn

Ali al-Sajjad either died from natural causes,Template:Sfn or, as reported by Shia authorities, he was poisoned at the instigation of the reigning Umayyad caliph al-Walid (Template:Reign) or perhaps his brother Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (Template:Reign).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

ImamateEdit

Succession to HusaynEdit

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Today, most Shias believe that Husayn was succeeded by al-Sajjad,Template:Sfn whose imamate coincided with the caliphates of Yazid (Template:Reign), Mu'awiya II (Template:Reign), Marwan I (Template:Reign), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Template:Reign), and al-Walid I (Template:Reign).Template:Sfn

As the only surviving son of Husayn, al-Sajjad was the natural candidate for the imamate.Template:Sfn There are also some Shia traditions to the effect that Husayn had designated al-Sajjad as his heir and successor.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn At the time, however, many Shias felt that, like Husayn, their imam should rise against the tyranny of the Umayyads. Given the quiescent attitude of al-Sajjad, these Shias rallied behind Mukhtar, who revolted in support of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.Template:Sfn The latter thus initially diverted much support away from al-Sajjad,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn who led a secluded, pious life after Karbala.Template:Sfn Indeed, even though al-Sajjad was widely respected,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn he had few followers until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692.Template:Sfnm Such was his quiescent attitude that some Western historians are uncertain whether he put forward any claims to imamate.Template:Sfn Yet some contemporary Shia figures, including Abu Khalid al-Kabuli and Qasim ibn Awf, are known to have switched their allegiance to al-Sajjad from Ibn al-Hanafiyya.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

For his part, Ibn al-Hanafiyya remained in his hometown of Medina and declined active leadership of Mukhtar's uprising.Template:Sfn Ibn al-Hanafiyya neither repudiated Mukhtar's propaganda in his own favor nor made any public claims about succession to Husayn.Template:Sfn On the other hand, perhaps Ibn al-Hanafiyya had secret designs for the caliphate,Template:Sfn because he never pledged allegiance to Ibn Zubayr,Template:Sfn who even imprisoned him until he was rescued by Mukhtar.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Ibn al-Hanafiyya's followers among the Shia became known as the Kasaniyya, who continued to trace the imamate through his descendants.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Some Kaysanites apparently joined al-Sajjad when Ibn al-Hanafiyya died in 700 or 701.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Some others thought that he was concealed by divine will and would eventually return to eradicate injustice on Earth.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn This was perhaps when the messianic concept of the Mahdi became mainstream in Shia Islam.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Most Kaysanites, however, followed Ibn al-Hanafiyya's son, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.Template:Sfn When the latter died, his imamate supposedly passed on to the Abbasids, that is, descendants of Muhammad's uncle, Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Kaysanites later proved instrumental in the Abbasids' overthrow of the Umayyads.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn As the Abbasids gradually turned against their former Shia allies,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn they carried most Kaysanites with themselves toward Sunnism.Template:Sfn

Among other Shia sects, the Isma'ilis believe that Husayn had designated Ibn al-Hanafiyya as a temporary imam to protect the identity of the true imam, that is, al-Sajjad.Template:Sfn Most Zaydis, by contrast, do not count al-Sajjad among their imams,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn for his political quietism disqualifies him from Zaydi imamate.Template:Sfn

SuccessorEdit

When al-Sajjad died, most of his followers accepted the imamate of his eldest son Muhammad al-Baqir,Template:Sfn who is often known by the honorific al-Baqir (Template:Lit).Template:Sfn Indeed, popular Shia sources report that, before his death, al-Sajjad designated al-Baqir as his successor.Template:Sfnm

Zayd ibn Ali, a much younger half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir,Template:Sfn also asserted a claim to leadership.Template:Sfn Unlike the quiescent al-Baqir,Template:Sfn Zayd was politically active. He revolted against the Umayyads in 740 but was soon killed.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Perhaps to widen his support,Template:Sfn Zayd accommodated some majority views that were not espoused by the early Shia.Template:Sfn For instance, he did not condemn the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar,Template:Sfn who are denounced in Shia Islam as usurpers of Ali ibn Abi Talib's right to the caliphate.Template:Sfn Such views, however, cost Zayd part of his support among Shias.Template:Sfnm Zayd's rebellion marks the beginning of the Zaydi (Shia) movement.Template:Sfn Especially for early Zaydis, any (religiously) learned descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima qualified for leadership as long as he rose against the unjust government.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

MiraclesEdit

Shia sources attribute some miracles to al-Sajjad: He spoke to a gazelle in the desert, restored youth to an old woman, and the sacred Black Stone in Mecca attested to his imamate in the presence of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.Template:Sfn

Titles and epithetsEdit

Ali's teknonym ([[Kunya (Arabic)|Template:Transliteration]]) is reported variously as Abu al-Hasan, Abu al-Husayn, Abu Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Abu Abd Allah.Template:Sfn A reference to his devotion to worship,Template:Sfn Ali's honorific title is Zayn al-Abidin (Template:Lit), by which he was already known during his lifetime.Template:Sfn His other titles are al-Sajjad (Template:Lit) and al-Zaki (Template:Lit). He was also known as Dhu al-Thafenat, meaning "he who has calluses" from frequent prostration in worship.Template:Sfn

CharacterEdit

Ali al-Sajjad was thin and resembled his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib, both in appearance and demeanor.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He spent much of his time in worship and learning,Template:Sfnm to the point that his face was bruised and his legs were swollen from lengthy prayers, according to his Shia biographer.Template:Sfn He was also a leading authority on Islamic tradition (hadith) and law (fiqh), and was well known for his virtuous character and piety.Template:Sfnm For all these reasons, Muhammad's great-grandson was highly esteemed, even among non-Shia Muslims.Template:Sfn This was particularly the case within the learned circles of Medina,Template:Sfnm such that among his associates and admirers were some top Sunni scholars of the time, including Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri and Said ibn al-Musayyib.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn These and some other hadith scholars have copied from al-Sajjad in Sunni sources.Template:Sfn A poem praising al-Sajjad, attributed to the renowned poet al-Farazdaq, describes the ire of Hisham, prior to his caliphate, when crowds showed more respect to al-Sajjad than to Hisham during a hajj pilgrimage.Template:Sfnm

There are also numerous stories about the generosity of al-Sajjad in Shia sources.Template:Sfn He bought and freed dozens of slaves in his lifetime,Template:Sfn and secretly provided for destitute Medinans, who discovered, after his death, that al-Sajjad was the benefactor who regularly brought them food at night, while covering his face to preserve his anonymity.Template:Sfn Among the stories about his forbearance and magnanimity,Template:Sfn he is said to have sheltered Marwan's family during the anti-Umayyad revolt in Medina.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Ali al-Sajjad also prevented ill-treatment of Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi when the latter was dismissed as the governor of Medina, even though Hisham had regularly insulted al-Sajjad.Template:Sfn Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance against numerically superior odds.Template:Sfn

FamilyEdit

Ali al-Sajjad had between eight and fifteen children,Template:Sfn perhaps eleven boys and four girls.Template:Sfn Four of his sons were born to Fatima bint Hasan and the rest were from concubines.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Among his sons were Zayd and Abd Allah,Template:Sfn and the eldest of them was Muhammad al-Baqir.Template:Sfn

Companions and narratorsEdit

Even though he was widely respected,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn al-Sajjad had few supporters until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692.Template:Sfnm Shia authors have listed 168 to 237 companions and narrators for al-Sajjad,Template:Sfn some of whom believed in his infallibility (Template:Transliteration).Template:Sfn Some senior associates of al-Sajjad were among the companions of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib, such as Jabir ibn Abd Allah, Amir ibn Wathila al-Kinani, and Salama ibn Kahil. Among other notable companions of al-Sajjad were Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, Yahya ibn Umm Tawil, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Muhammad and Hakim ibn Jubair ibn Mut'am, and Humran ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Tayyar.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Transmitters of hadith from al-Sajjad include Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Thabit ibn Hormuz Haddad, Amru ibn Thabit, and Salim ibn Abi Hafsa.Template:Sfn

WorksEdit

Al-Sahifa al-sajjadiyyaEdit

Template:Transliteration (Template:Literal translation) is the oldest collection of Islamic prayers. Shia tradition regards this book with great respect, ranking it behind only the Quran and Template:Transliteration, which is attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib.Template:Sfn Fifty-four supplications form the core of the book, which also includes an addenda of fourteen supplications and another Fifteen Whispered Prayers.Template:Sfn The book, attributed to al-Sajjad, is often regarded as authentic by Shia scholars of hadith,Template:Sfn although its whispered prayers (Template:Transliteration) may have been artistically edited by others.Template:Sfn

Regarded as a seminal work in Islamic spirituality, Template:Transliteration is also a rich source of Islamic teachings. Its prayer "Blessing Upon the Bearers of the Throne", for instance, summarizes the Islamic views about angels.Template:Sfn The book was translated into Persian during the Safavid era; and its English translation, entitled The Psalms of Islam, is available with an introduction and annotations by the Islamicist W. Chittick. Numerous commentaries have been written about Template:Transliteration.Template:Sfn

Supplication of Abu Hamza al-ThumaliEdit

This supplication (Template:Transliteration) is attributed to al-Sajjad and is transmitted by his companion Abu Hamza al-Thumali.Template:Sfn

Risalat al-HoquqEdit

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Template:Transliteration (Template:Lit) is attributed to al-Sajjad; it was written at the request of a disciple. Available in two recensions, this book is concerned with social and religious responsibilities. It exhaustively describes the rights God bestows upon humans and the rights humans should give themselves and each other, as perceived in Islam.Template:Sfn The book describes the social duties each human must observe, and that those are predicated on more fundamental duties, such as faith in God and obedience to Him.Template:Sfn