Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Starbox begin Template:Starbox image Template:Starbox observe 2s Template:Starbox character Template:Starbox astrometry Template:Starbox orbit Template:Starbox detail Template:Starbox catalog Template:Starbox reference Template:Starbox end
Alpha Centauri (Template:Nobr, α Cen, or Alpha Cen) is a star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It consists of three stars: Rigil Kentaurus (Template:Nobr), Toliman (Template:Nobr), and Proxima Centauri (Template:Nobr).<ref name=WGSN/> Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at 4.2465 light-years (ly) which is 1.3020 pc.
Rigil Kentaurus and Toliman are Sun-like stars (class G and K, respectively) that together form the binary star system Template:Nobr. To the naked eye, these two main components appear to be a single star with an apparent magnitude of −0.27. It is the brightest star in the constellation and the third-brightest in the night sky, outshone by only Sirius and Canopus.
Rigil Kentaurus has 1.1 times the mass (Template:Solar mass) and 1.5 times the luminosity of the Sun (Template:Solar luminosity), while Toliman is smaller and cooler, at Template:Solar mass and less than Template:Solar luminosity.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The pair orbit around a common centre with an orbital period of 79 years.<ref name=SixthCatOrbVisBin/> Their elliptical orbit is eccentric, so that the distance between A and B varies from 35.6 astronomical units (AU), or about the distance between Pluto and the Sun, to Template:Nobr or about the distance between Saturn and the Sun. One astronomical unit is the distance from Earth to the Sun, 150 million kilometers.
Proxima Centauri is a small faint red dwarf (class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of Template:Cvt, slightly closer than Template:Nobr. The distance between Proxima Centauri and Template:Nobr is about Template:Cvt,<ref name=Kervella2017>Template:Cite journal</ref> equivalent to about 430 times the radius of Neptune's orbit.
Proxima Centauri has one confirmed planet: Proxima b, an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone (though it is unlikely to be habitable), one candidate planet, Proxima d, sub-Earth which orbits very closely to the star,<ref name=Faria2022/> and the controversial Proxima c, a mini-Neptune Template:Val astronomical units away.<ref name=Artigau2022/> Rigil Kentaurus may have a Neptune-sized planet in the habitable zone, though it is not yet known with certainty to be planetary in nature and could be an artifact of the discovery mechanism.<ref name=WagnerBoehle2021/> Toliman has no known planets.<ref name=Rajpaul2016/>
Etymology and nomenclatureEdit
α Centauri (Latinised to Alpha Centauri) is the system's designation given by J. Bayer in 1603. It belongs to the constellation Centaurus, named after the part human, part horse creature in Greek mythology; Heracles accidentally wounded the centaur and placed him in the sky after his death. Alpha Centauri marks the right front hoof of the Centaur.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The common name Rigil Kentaurus is a Latinisation of the Arabic translation {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Rijl al-Qinṭūrus, meaning "the Foot of the Centaur".<ref name=Kunitx-Smart-2006/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Qinṭūrus is the Arabic transliteration of the Greek Template:Math (Kentaurus).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name is frequently abbreviated to Rigil Kent (Template:IPAc-en) or even Rigil, though the latter name is better known for Rigel (Template:Mvar Orionis).<ref name=Allen>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Kunitx-Smart-2006>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn
An alternative name found in European sources, Toliman, is an approximation of the Arabic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aẓ-Ẓalīmān (in older transcription, aṭ-Ṭhalīmān), meaning 'the (two male) Ostriches', an appellation Zakariya al-Qazwini had applied to the pair of stars Lambda and Mu Sagittarii; it was often unclear on old star maps which name was intended to go with which star (or stars), and the referents changed over time.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The name Toliman originates with Jacob Golius' 1669 edition of Al-Farghani's Compendium. Tolimân is Golius' Latinisation of the Arabic name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "the ostriches", the name of an asterism of which Alpha Centauri formed the main star.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Nobr was discovered in 1915 by Robert T. A. Innes,<ref name=Innes1915>Template:Cite journal</ref> who suggested that it be named Proxima Centaurus,<ref name=Innes1917>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Ety.<ref name=oxford2010>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The name Proxima Centauri later became more widely used and is now listed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as the approved proper name;<ref name=aj39_913_20>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=WGSNproxima>Template:Cite report</ref> it is frequently abbreviated to Proxima.
In 2016, the Working Group on Star Names of the IAU,<ref name=WGSN>Template:Cite report</ref> having decided to attribute proper names to individual component stars rather than to multiple systems,<ref name=TriRpt18>Template:Cite report</ref> approved the name Rigil Kentaurus (Template:IPAc-en) as being restricted to Template:Nobr and the name Proxima Centauri (Template:IPAc-en) for Template:Nobr<ref name="IAU-LSN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 10 August 2018, the IAU approved the name Toliman (Template:IPAc-en) for Template:Nobr<ref name="IAU-CSN">Template:Cite report</ref>
Other namesEdit
During the 19th century, the northern amateur popularist E.H. Burritt used the now-obscure name Bungula (Template:IPAc-en).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its origin is not known, but it may have been coined from the Greek letter beta (Template:Mvar) and Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'hoof', originally for Beta Centauri (the other hoof).<ref name=Allen/><ref name=Kunitx-Smart-2006/>
In Chinese astronomy, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Nán Mén, meaning Southern Gate, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Centauri and Epsilon Centauri. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Centauri itself is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Nán Mén Èr, the Second Star of the Southern Gate.<ref>Template:In lang [ AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 27 日]</ref>
To the Indigenous Boorong people of northwestern Victoria in Australia, Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri are Bermbermgle,<ref name=hamacher>Template:Cite journal</ref> two brothers noted for their courage and destructiveness, who speared and killed Tchingal "The Emu" (the Coalsack Nebula).<ref name=stanbridge>Template:Cite journal</ref> The form in Wotjobaluk is Bram-bram-bult.<ref name=hamacher/>
ObservationEdit
To the naked eye, Template:Nobr appear to be a single star, the brightest in the southern constellation of Centaurus.<ref name=Moore-2002>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> Their apparent angular separation varies over about 80 years between 2 and 22 arcseconds (the naked eye has a resolution of 60 arcsec),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but through much of the orbit, both are easily resolved in binoculars or small telescopes.<ref name=AOST2a>Template:Cite book</ref> At −0.27 apparent magnitude (combined for A and B magnitudes Template:Crossreference), Alpha Centauri is a first-magnitude star and is fainter only than Sirius and Canopus.<ref name=Moore-2002/> It is the outer star of The Pointers or The Southern Pointers,<ref name=AOST2a/> so called because the line through Beta Centauri (Hadar/Agena),<ref name=NortonSA>Template:Cite book</ref> some 4.5° west,<ref name=AOST2a/> points to the constellation Crux—the Southern Cross.<ref name=AOST2a/><ref name="AOST2">Template:Cite book</ref> The Pointers easily distinguish the true Southern Cross from the fainter asterism known as the False Cross.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
South of about 29° South latitude, Template:Nobr is circumpolar and never sets below the horizon.Template:Efn North of about 29° N latitude, Alpha Centauri never rises. Alpha Centauri lies close to the southern horizon when viewed from latitude 29° N to the equator (close to Hermosillo and Chihuahua City in Mexico; Galveston, Texas; Ocala, Florida; and Lanzarote, the Canary Islands of Spain), but only for a short time around its culmination.<ref name=NortonSA/> The star culminates each year at local midnight on 24 April and at local 9 p.m. on 8 June.<ref name=NortonSA/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As seen from Earth, Proxima Centauri is 2.2° southwest from Template:Nobr this distance is about four times the angular diameter of the Moon.<ref name=Matt93>Template:Cite journal</ref> Proxima Centauri appears as a deep-red star of a typical apparent magnitude of 11.1 in a sparsely populated star field, requiring moderately sized telescopes to be seen. Listed as V645 Cen in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, version 4.2, this UV Ceti star or "flare star" can unexpectedly brighten rapidly by as much as 0.6 magnitude at visual wavelengths, then fade after only a few minutes.<ref name=bendict1998>Template:Cite conference</ref> Some amateur and professional astronomers regularly monitor for outbursts using either optical or radio telescopes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In August 2015, the largest recorded flares of the star occurred, with the star becoming 8.3 times brighter than normal on 13 August, in the B band (blue light region).<ref name="proximaflare">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Observational historyEdit
Alpha Centauri is listed in the 2nd century star catalog appended to Ptolemy's Almagest. Ptolemy gave its ecliptic coordinates, but texts differ as to whether the ecliptic latitude reads Template:Nobr or Template:Nobr.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> (Presently the ecliptic latitude is Template:Nowrap, but it has decreased by a fraction of a degree since Ptolemy's time due to proper motion.) In Ptolemy's time, Alpha Centauri was visible from Alexandria, Egypt, at Template:Nobr but, due to precession, its declination is now Template:Nobr, and it can no longer be seen at that latitude. English explorer Robert Hues brought Alpha Centauri to the attention of European observers in his 1592 work Tractatus de Globis, along with Canopus and Achernar, noting:
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The binary nature of Alpha Centauri AB was recognized in December 1689 by Jean Richaud, while observing a passing comet from his station in Puducherry. Alpha Centauri was only the third binary star to be discovered, preceded by Mizar AB and Acrux.<ref name=KameswaraRao1984>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The large proper motion of Alpha Centauri AB was discovered by Manuel John Johnson, observing from Saint Helena, who informed Thomas Henderson at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope of it. The parallax of Alpha Centauri was subsequently determined by Henderson from many exacting positional observations of the AB system between April 1832 and May 1833. He withheld his results, however, because he suspected they were too large to be true, but eventually published them in 1839 after Bessel released his own accurately determined parallax for Template:Nobr in 1838.<ref name="autogenerated345">Template:Cite book</ref> For this reason, Alpha Centauri is sometimes considered as the second star to have its distance measured because Henderson's work was not fully acknowledged at first.<ref name="autogenerated345"/> (The distance of Alpha Centauri from the Earth is now reckoned at 4.396 light-years or Template:Cvt.)
John Herschel made the first micrometrical observations in 1834.<ref name=JHerschel1847>Template:Cite book</ref> Since the early 20th century, measures have been made with photographic plates.<ref name="adsabs.harvard.edu">Template:Cite journal</ref>
By 1926, William Stephen Finsen calculated the approximate orbit elements close to those now accepted for this system.<ref name="Aitken"/> All future positions are now sufficiently accurate for visual observers to determine the relative places of the stars from a binary star ephemeris.<ref>Template:Citation-attribution</ref> Others, like D. Pourbaix (2002), have regularly refined the precision of new published orbital elements.<ref name="SixthCatOrbVisBin"/>
Robert T. A. Innes discovered Proxima Centauri in 1915 by blinking photographic plates taken at different times during a proper motion survey. These showed large proper motion and parallax similar in both size and direction to those of Template:Nobr which suggested that Proxima Centauri is part of the Template:Nobr system and slightly closer to Earth than Template:Nobr. As a result, Innes concluded that Proxima Centauri was the closest star to Earth yet discovered.
Location and motionEdit
Alpha Centauri may be inside the G-cloud of the Local Bubble,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and its nearest known system is the binary brown dwarf system Luhman 16, at Template:Convert distance.<ref name=substellarcompanion>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Failed verification
Historical distance estimatesEdit
KinematicsEdit
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All components of Template:Nobr display significant proper motion against the background sky. Over centuries, this causes their apparent positions to slowly change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Proper motion was unknown to ancient astronomers. Most assumed that the stars were permanently fixed on the celestial sphere, as stated in the works of the philosopher Aristotle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1718, Edmond Halley found that some stars had significantly moved from their ancient astrometric positions.<ref name=berry>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 1830s, Thomas Henderson discovered the true distance to Template:Nobr by analysing his many astrometric mural circle observations.<ref name="Henderson1839">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He then realised this system also likely had a high proper motion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Aitken/> In this case, the apparent stellar motion was found using Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's astrometric observations of 1751–1752,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> by the observed differences between the two measured positions in different epochs.
Calculated proper motion of the centre of mass for Template:Nobr is about 3620 mas/y (milliarcseconds per year) toward the west and 694 mas/y toward the north, giving an overall motion of 3686 mas/y in a direction 11° north of west.<ref name=Kervella2016>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn The motion of the centre of mass is about 6.1 arcmin each century, or 1.02° each millennium. The speed in the western direction is Template:Cvt and in the northerly direction Template:Cvt. Using spectroscopy the mean radial velocity has been determined to be around Template:Cvt towards the Solar System.<ref name=Kervella2016/> This gives a speed with respect to the Sun of Template:Cvt, very close to the peak in the distribution of speeds of nearby stars.<ref>Template:Cite arXiv</ref>
Since Template:Nobr is almost exactly in the plane of the Milky Way as viewed from Earth, many stars appear behind it. In early May 2028, Template:Nobr will pass between the Earth and a distant red star, when there is a 45% probability that an Einstein ring will be observed. Other conjunctions will also occur in the coming decades, allowing accurate measurement of proper motions and possibly giving information on planets.<ref name=Kervella2016/>
Predicted future changesEdit
Based on the system's common proper motion and radial velocities, Template:Nobr will continue to change its position in the sky significantly and will gradually brighten. For example, in about 6,200 CE, α Centauri's true motion will cause an extremely rare first-magnitude stellar conjunction with Beta Centauri, forming a brilliant optical double star in the southern sky.<ref name=AOST2/> It will then pass just north of the Southern Cross or Crux, before moving northwest and up towards the present celestial equator and away from the galactic plane. By about 26,700 CE, in the present-day constellation of Hydra, Template:Nobr will reach perihelion at Template:Cvt away,<ref name=Matthews>Template:Cite journal</ref> though later calculations suggest that this will occur in 27,000 AD.<ref name=Bailer2015>Template:Cite journal</ref> At its nearest approach, α Centauri will attain a maximum apparent magnitude of −0.86, comparable to present-day magnitude of Canopus, but it will still not surpass that of Sirius, which will brighten incrementally over the next 60,000 years, and will continue to be the brightest star as seen from Earth (other than the Sun) for the next 210,000 years.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Stellar systemEdit
Alpha Centauri is a triple star system, with its two main stars, A and B, together comprising a binary component. The AB designation, or older A×B, denotes the mass centre of a main binary system relative to companion star(s) in a multiple star system.<ref name=DoubleStarsHeintz>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> AB-C refers to the component of Proxima Centauri in relation to the central binary, being the distance between the centre of mass and the outlying companion. Because the distance between Proxima (C) and either of Alpha Centauri A or B is similar, the AB binary system is sometimes treated as a single gravitational object.<ref name=wds1996>Template:Cite book</ref>
Orbital propertiesEdit
The A and B components of Alpha Centauri have an orbital period of 79.762 years. Their orbit is moderately eccentric, as it has an eccentricity of almost 0.52;<ref name=Akeson2021/> their closest approach or periastron is Template:Cvt, or about the distance between the Sun and Saturn; and their furthest separation or apastron is Template:Cvt, about the distance between the Sun and Pluto.<ref name=SixthCatOrbVisBin/> The most recent periastron was in August 1955 and the next will occur in May 2035; the most recent apastron was in May 1995 and will next occur in 2075.
Viewed from Earth, the apparent orbit of A and B means that their separation and position angle (PA) are in continuous change throughout their projected orbit. Observed stellar positions in 2019 are separated by 4.92 arcsec through the PA of 337.1°, increasing to 5.49 arcsec through 345.3° in 2020.<ref name="SixthCatOrbVisBin"/> The closest recent approach was in February 2016, at 4.0 arcsec through the PA of 300°.<ref name="SixthCatOrbVisBin">Template:Citation-attribution</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The observed maximum separation of these stars is about 22 arcsec, while the minimum distance is 1.7 arcsec.<ref name=Aitken>Template:Cite book</ref> The widest separation occurred during February 1976, and the next will be in January 2056.<ref name=SixthCatOrbVisBin/>
Alpha Centauri C is about Template:Cvt from Alpha Centauri AB, equivalent to about 5% of the distance between Alpha Centauri AB and the Sun.<ref name=Kervella2017/><ref name=Matt93/><ref name="adsabs.harvard.edu"/> Until 2017, measurements of its small speed and its trajectory were of too little accuracy and duration in years to determine whether it is bound to Alpha Centauri AB or unrelated.
Radial velocity measurements made in 2017 were precise enough to show that Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri AB are gravitationally bound.<ref name=Kervella2017/> The orbital period of Proxima Centauri is approximately Template:Val years, with an eccentricity of 0.5, much more eccentric than Mercury's. Proxima Centauri comes within Template:Val of AB at periastron, and its apastron occurs at Template:Val.<ref name="Akeson2021"/>
Physical propertiesEdit
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Asteroseismic studies, chromospheric activity, and stellar rotation (gyrochronology) are all consistent with the Alpha Centauri system being similar in age to, or slightly older than, the Sun.<ref name="Mam08">Template:Cite journal</ref> Asteroseismic analyses that incorporate tight observational constraints on the stellar parameters for the Alpha Centauri stars have yielded age estimates of Template:Val Gyr,<ref name=Thevenin02>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Val Gyr,<ref name="Bazot12">Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Nobr<ref name=Miglio05>Template:Cite journal</ref> 6.4 Gyr,<ref name=Thoul03>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Template:Val Gyr.<ref name=Eggenberger04>Template:Cite journal</ref> Age estimates for the stars based on chromospheric activity (Calcium H & K emission) yield Template:Nobr whereas gyrochronology yields Template:Val Gyr.<ref name=Mam08/> Stellar evolution theory implies both stars are slightly older than the Sun at 5 to 6 billion years, as derived by their mass and spectral characteristics.<ref name=Matt93/><ref name=stellar-model-kim>Template:Cite journal</ref>
From the orbital elements, the total mass of Alpha Centauri AB is about Template:Solar massTemplate:Efn – or twice that of the Sun.<ref name=Aitken/> The average individual stellar masses are about Template:Solar mass and Template:Solar mass, respectively,<ref name=Akeson2021/> though slightly different masses have also been quoted in recent years, such as Template:Solar mass and Template:Solar mass,<ref name=RECONS/> totaling Template:Solar mass. Alpha Centauri A and B have absolute magnitudes of +4.38 and +5.71, respectively.
Alpha Centauri AB SystemEdit
Alpha Centauri AEdit
Alpha Centauri A, also known as Rigil Kentaurus, is the principal member, or primary, of the binary system. It is a solar-like main-sequence star with a similar yellowish colour,<ref name="csiro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> whose stellar classification is spectral type G2-V;<ref name=torres2006/> it is about 10% more massive than the Sun,<ref name="Thevenin02"/> with a radius about 22% larger.<ref name=kervella2017>Template:Cite journal</ref> When considered among the individual brightest stars in the night sky, it is the fourth-brightest at an apparent magnitude of +0.01,<ref name="ducati"/> being slightly fainter than Arcturus at an apparent magnitude of −0.05.
The type of magnetic activity on Alpha Centauri A is comparable to that of the Sun, showing coronal variability due to star spots, as modulated by the rotation of the star. However, since 2005 the activity level has fallen into a deep minimum that might be similar to the Sun's historical Maunder Minimum. Alternatively, it may have a very long stellar activity cycle and is slowly recovering from a minimum phase.<ref name="Ayres2014">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Alpha Centauri BEdit
Template:Hatnote group Alpha Centauri B, also known as Toliman, is the secondary star of the binary system. It is a main-sequence star of spectral type K1-V, making it more an orange colour than Alpha Centauri A;<ref name="csiro"/> it has around 90% of the mass of the Sun and a 14% smaller diameter. Although it has a lower luminosity than A, Alpha Centauri B emits more energy in the X-ray band.<ref name="Xrays"/> Its light curve varies on a short time scale, and there has been at least one observed flare.<ref name="Xrays">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is more magnetically active than Alpha Centauri A, showing a cycle of Template:Val compared to 11 years for the Sun, and has about half the minimum-to-peak variation in coronal luminosity of the Sun.<ref name="Ayres2014"/> This cycle was recently re-estimated based on more than 20 years of high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the CaIIH&K lines showing a cycle of Template:Val.<ref name="Cretignier2024">Template:Cite journal</ref> Alpha Centauri B has an apparent magnitude of +1.35, slightly dimmer than Mimosa.<ref name="IAU-LSN"/>
Alpha Centauri CEdit
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Alpha Centauri C, better known as Proxima Centauri, is a small main-sequence red dwarf of spectral class M6-Ve. It has an absolute magnitude of +15.60, over 20,000 times fainter than the Sun. Its mass is calculated to be Template:Solar mass.<ref name="KervellaThévenin2017">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is the closest star to the Sun but is too faint to be visible to the naked eye.<ref name=ESA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Planetary systemEdit
The Alpha Centauri system as a whole has two confirmed planets, both of them around Proxima Centauri. While other planets have been claimed to exist around all of the stars, none of the discoveries have been confirmed.
Planets of Proxima CentauriEdit
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Proxima Centauri b is a terrestrial planet discovered in 2016 by astronomers at the European Southern Observatory (ESO). It has an estimated minimum mass of 1.17 Template:Earth mass (Earth masses) and orbits approximately 0.049 AU from Proxima Centauri, placing it in the star's habitable zone.<ref name="proxima b discovery paper">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Mascareno2020>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The discovery of Proxima Centauri c was formally published in 2020 and could be a super-Earth or mini-Neptune.<ref name="proxima c scientific american">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="proxima c discovery paper">Template:Cite journal</ref> It has a mass of roughly 7 Template:Earth mass and orbits about Template:Nobr from Proxima Centauri with a period of Template:Convert.<ref name="proxima c mass">Template:Cite journal</ref> In June 2020, a possible direct imaging detection of the planet hinted at the presence of a large ring system.<ref name="proxima c imaging">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, a 2022 study disputed the existence of this planet.<ref name="Artigau2022">Template:Cite journal</ref>
A 2020 paper refining Proxima b's mass excludes the presence of extra companions with masses above Template:Earth mass at periods shorter than 50 days, but the authors detected a radial-velocity curve with a periodicity of 5.15 days, suggesting the presence of a planet with a mass of about Template:Earth mass.<ref name=Mascareno2020/> This planet, Proxima Centauri d, was detected in 2022.<ref name="Faria2022">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Artigau2022"/>
Planets of Alpha Centauri AEdit
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Template:Orbitbox planet begin Template:OrbitboxPlanet hypothetical Template:Orbitbox end
In 2021, a candidate planet named Candidate 1 (or C1) was detected around Alpha Centauri A, thought to orbit at approximately Template:Nobr with a period of about one year, and to have a mass between that of Neptune and one-half that of Saturn, though it may be a dust disk or an artifact. The possibility of C1 being a background star has been ruled out.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WagnerBoehle2021">Template:Cite journal Kevin Wagner's (lead author of paper?) video of discovery</ref> If this candidate is confirmed, the temporary name C1 will most likely be replaced with the scientific designation Alpha Centauri Ab in accordance with current naming conventions.<ref name="IAUNamingRules">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GO Cycle 1 observations are planned for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for planets around Alpha Centauri A, as well as observations of Epsilon Muscae.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The coronographic observations, which occurred on July 26 and 27, 2023, were failures, though there are follow-up observations in March 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pre-launch estimates predicted that JWST will be able to find planets with a radius of 5 Template:Earth radius at Template:Nobr. Multiple observations every 3–6 months could push the limit down to 3 Template:Earth radius.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Post-launch estimates based on observations of HIP 65426 b find that JWST will be able to find planets even closer to Alpha Centauri A and could find a 5 Template:Earth radius planet at Template:Nobr.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Candidate 1 has an estimated radius between Template:Nobr<ref name=WagnerBoehle2021/> and orbits at Template:Nobr. It is therefore likely within the reach of JWST observations.
Template:AnchorPlanets of Alpha Centauri BEdit
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The first claim of a planet around Alpha Centauri B was that of Alpha Centauri Bb in 2012, which was proposed to be an Earth-mass planet in a 3.2-day orbit.<ref name="Dumusque"/> This was refuted in 2015 when the apparent planet was shown to be an artifact of the way the radial velocity data was processed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Rajpaul2016>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A search for transits of planet Bb was conducted with the Hubble Space Telescope from 2013 to 2014. This search detected one potential transit-like event, which could be associated with a different planet with a radius around Template:Earth radius. This planet would most likely orbit Alpha Centauri B with an orbital period of 20.4 days or less, with only a 5% chance of it having a longer orbit. The median of the likely orbits is 12.4 days. Its orbit would likely have an eccentricity of 0.24 or less.<ref name=Demory2015>Template:Cite journal</ref> It could have lakes of molten lava and would be far too close to Alpha Centauri B to harbour life.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> If confirmed, this planet might be called Template:Nobr. However, the name has not been used in the literature, as it is not a claimed discovery.
Hypothetical planetsEdit
Additional planets may exist in the Alpha Centauri system, either orbiting Alpha Centauri A or Alpha Centauri B individually, or in large orbits around Alpha Centauri AB. Because both stars are fairly similar to the Sun (for example, in age and metallicity), astronomers have been especially interested in making detailed searches for planets in the Alpha Centauri system. Several established planet-hunting teams have used various radial velocity or star transit methods in their searches around these two bright stars.<ref name="universetoday.com">Template:Cite news</ref> All the observational studies have so far failed to find evidence for brown dwarfs or gas giants.<ref name="universetoday.com"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2009, computer simulations showed that a planet might have been able to form near the inner edge of Alpha Centauri B's habitable zone, which extends from Template:Nobr from the star. Certain special assumptions, such as considering that the Alpha Centauri pair may have initially formed with a wider separation and later moved closer to each other (as might be possible if they formed in a dense star cluster), would permit an accretion-friendly environment farther from the star.<ref name=Thebault-2009>Template:Cite journal</ref> Bodies around Alpha Centauri A would be able to orbit at slightly farther distances due to its stronger gravity. In addition, the lack of any brown dwarfs or gas giants in close orbits around Alpha Centauri make the likelihood of terrestrial planets greater than otherwise.<ref name="lackofany">Template:Cite journal</ref> A theoretical study indicates that a radial velocity analysis might detect a hypothetical planet of Template:Earth mass in Alpha Centauri B's habitable zone.<ref name=guedesetal2008>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Radial velocity measurements of Alpha Centauri B made with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph were sufficiently sensitive to detect a Template:Earth mass planet within the habitable zone of the star (i.e. with an orbital period P = 200 days), but no planets were detected.<ref name="Dumusque">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Current estimates place the probability of finding an Earth-like planet around Alpha Centauri at roughly 75%.<ref name=miniature>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The observational thresholds for planet detection in the habitable zones by the radial velocity method are currently (2017) estimated to be about Template:Earth mass for Alpha Centauri A, Template:Earth mass for Alpha Centauri B, and Template:Earth mass for Proxima Centauri.<ref name=Zhao2018>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Early computer-generated models of planetary formation predicted the existence of terrestrial planets around both Alpha Centauri A and B,<ref name=guedesetal2008/><ref name=Quintna-Lissr-2007/> but most recent numerical investigations have shown that the gravitational pull of the companion star renders the accretion of planets difficult.<ref name=Thebault-2009/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Despite these difficulties, given the similarities to the Sun in spectral types, star type, age and probable stability of the orbits, it has been suggested that this stellar system could hold one of the best possibilities for harbouring extraterrestrial life on a potential planet.<ref name="Wiegert">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=lackofany/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Quintna-Lissr-2007>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Solar System, it was once thought that Jupiter and Saturn were probably crucial in perturbing comets into the inner Solar System, providing the inner planets with a source of water and various other ices.<ref name=Croswell>Template:Cite magazine</ref> However, since isotope measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratio in comets Halley, Hyakutake, Hale–Bopp, 2002T7, and Tuttle yield values approximately twice that of Earth's oceanic water, more recent models and research predict that less than 10% of Earth's water was supplied from comets. In the Template:Nobr system, Proxima Centauri may have influenced the planetary disk as the Template:Nobr system was forming, enriching the area around Alpha Centauri with volatile materials.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This would be discounted if, for example, Template:Nobr happened to have gas giants orbiting Template:Nobr (or vice versa), or if Template:Nobr and B themselves were able to perturb comets into each other's inner systems, as Jupiter and Saturn presumably have done in the Solar System.<ref name=Croswell/> Such icy bodies probably also reside in Oort clouds of other planetary systems. When they are influenced gravitationally by either the gas giants or disruptions by passing nearby stars, many of these icy bodies then travel star-wards.<ref name=Croswell/> Such ideas also apply to the close approach of Alpha Centauri or other stars to the Solar system, when, in the distant future, the Oort Cloud might be disrupted enough to increase the number of active comets.<ref name=Matthews/>
To be in the habitable zone, a planet around Alpha Centauri A would have an orbital radius of between about 1.2 and Template:Val so as to have similar planetary temperatures and conditions for liquid water to exist.<ref name=Kaltenegger2013>Template:Cite journal</ref> For the slightly less luminous and cooler Template:Nobr, the habitable zone is between about 0.7 and Template:Val.<ref name=Kaltenegger2013/>
With the goal of finding evidence of such planets, both Proxima Centauri and Template:Nobr were among the listed "Tier-1" target stars for NASA's Space Interferometry Mission (S.I.M.). Detecting planets as small as three Earth-masses or smaller within two AU of a "Tier-1" target would have been possible with this new instrument.<ref name="numbers">Template:Citation-attribution</ref> The S.I.M. mission, however, was cancelled due to financial issues in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Circumstellar discsEdit
Based on observations between 2007 and 2012, a study found a slight excess of emissions in the 24 μm (mid/far-infrared) band surrounding Template:Nobr, which may be interpreted as evidence for a sparse circumstellar disc or dense interplanetary dust.<ref name="Wiegart2014"/> The total mass was estimated to be between Template:10^ to Template:10^ the mass of the Moon, or 10–100 times the mass of the Solar System's zodiacal cloud.<ref name=Wiegart2014/> If such a disc existed around both stars, Template:Nobr disc would likely be stable to Template:Nobr and Template:Nobr would likely be stable to Template:Nobr<ref name=Wiegart2014/> This would put A's disc entirely within the frost line, and a small part of B's outer disc just outside.<ref name=Wiegart2014> Template:Cite journal </ref>
View from this systemEdit
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The sky from Template:Nobr would appear much as it does from the Earth, except that Centaurus's brightest star, being Template:Nobr itself, would be absent from the constellation. The Sun would appear as a white star of apparent magnitude +0.5,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> roughly the same as the average brightness of Betelgeuse from Earth. It would be at the antipodal point of Template:Nobr current right ascension and declination, at Template:RA Template:DEC (2000), in eastern Cassiopeia, easily outshining all the rest of the stars in the constellation. With the placement of the Sun east of the magnitude 3.4 star Epsilon Cassiopeiae, nearly in front of the Heart Nebula, the "W" line of stars of Cassiopeia would have a "/W" shape.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other nearby stars' placements may be affected somewhat drastically. Sirius, at 9.2 light years away from the system, would still be the brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -1.2, but would be located in Orion less than a degree away from Betelgeuse. Procyon, which would also be at a slightly further distance than from the Sun, would move to outshine Pollux in the middle of Gemini.
A planet around either Template:Nobr or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary. For example, an Earth-like planet at Template:Nobr from Template:Nobr (with a revolution period of 1.34 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and Template:Nobr would appear 5.7–8.6 magnitudes dimmer (−21.0 to −18.2), 190–2,700 times dimmer than Template:Nobr but still 150–2,100 times brighter than the full Moon. Conversely, an Earth-like planet at Template:Nobr from Template:Nobr (with a revolution period of 0.63 years) would get nearly Sun-like illumination from its primary, and Template:Nobr would appear 4.6–7.3 magnitudes dimmer (−22.1 to −19.4), 70 to 840 times dimmer than Template:Nobr but still 470–5,700 times brighter than the full Moon.
Proxima Centauri would appear dim as one of many stars, being magnitude 4.5 at its current distance, and magnitude 2.6 at periastron.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Future explorationEdit
Alpha Centauri is a first target for crewed or robotic interstellar exploration. Using current spacecraft technologies, crossing the distance between the Sun and Alpha Centauri would take several millennia, though the possibility of nuclear pulse propulsion or laser light sail technology, as considered in the Breakthrough Starshot program, could make the journey to Alpha Centauri in 20 years.<ref name=NYT-20160412-db>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An objective of such a mission would be to make a fly-by of, and possibly photograph, planets that might exist in the system.<ref name="starshot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nytimes20160412">Template:Cite news</ref> The existence of Proxima Centauri b, announced by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in August 2016, would be a target for the Starshot program.<ref name="starshot"/><ref name="nytimes20160824">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
NASA released a mission concept in 2017 that would send a spacecraft to Alpha Centauri in 2069, scheduled to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the first crewed lunar landing in 1969, Template:Nobr Even at speed 10% of the speed of light (about 108 million km/h), which NASA experts say may be possible, it would take a spacecraft 44 years to reach the constellation, by the year 2113, and would take another 4 years for a signal, by the year 2117 to reach Earth. The concept received no further funding or development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In cultureEdit
Alpha Centauri has been recognized and associated throughout history, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. Polynesians have been using Alpha Centauri for their star navigation and have called it Kamailehope. In the Ngarrindjeri culture of Australia, Alpha Centauri represents with Beta Centauri two sharks chasing a stingray, the Southern Cross, and in Incan culture it with Beta Centauri form the eyes of a llama-shaped dark constellation embedded in the band of stars that the visible Milky Way forms in the sky. In ancient Egypt it was also revered and in China it is known as part of the South Gate asterism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Sagan Planet Walk in Ithaca, New York, is a walkable scale model of the solar system. An obelisk representing the scaled position of Alpha Centauri has been added at ʻImiloa Astronomy Center in Hawaii.<ref name="Couillard">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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Hypothetical planets or explorationEdit
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