Canopus
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Starbox begin Template:Starbox image Template:Starbox observe Template:Starbox character Template:Starbox astrometry Template:Starbox detail Template:Starbox catalog Template:Starbox reference Template:Starbox end
Canopus is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina and the second-brightest star in the night sky. It is also designated α Carinae, which is romanized (transliterated) to Alpha Carinae. With a visual apparent magnitude of −0.74, it is outshone only by Sirius.
Located around Template:Val from the Sun, Canopus is a bright giant of spectral type A9, so it is essentially white when seen with the naked eye. It has a luminosity over 10,000 times the luminosity of the Sun, is nine to ten times as massive, and has expanded to 71 times the Sun's radius. Its enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of around Template:Val. Canopus is undergoing core helium burning and is currently in the so-called blue loop phase of its evolution, having already passed through the red-giant branch after exhausting the hydrogen in its core. Canopus is a source of X-rays, which are likely being emitted from its corona.
The prominent appearance of Canopus means it has been the subject of mythological lore among many ancient peoples. Its proper name is generally considered to originate from the mythological Canopus, who was a navigator for Menelaus, king of Sparta. The acronycal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival in Egypt. In ancient India, it was named Agastya after the revered Vedic sage. For Chinese astronomers, it was known as the Old Man of the South Pole. In Islamic astronomy, it is Suhail or Suhayl, a name that is also commonly used to imply rareness of appearance (as Canopus infrequently appeared to a gazer at Middle Eastern latitutes)
NomenclatureEdit
The name Canopus is a Latinisation of the Ancient Greek name Κάνωβος/Kanôbos, recorded in Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest (c.150 AD). Eratosthenes used the same spelling.<ref name="ridpathCr"/> Hipparchos wrote it as Κάνωπος. John Flamsteed wrote Canobus,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as did Edmond Halley in his 1679 Catalogus Stellarum Australium.<ref name="Halley 1679">Template:Cite book</ref> The name has two possible derivations, both listed in Richard Hinckley Allen's seminal Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning.
- The brightest star in the obsolete constellation of Argo Navis, which represented the ship used by Jason and the Argonauts, was given the name of a ship's pilot from another Greek legend: Canopus, pilot of Menelaus' ship on his quest to retrieve Helen of Troy after she was taken by Paris.<ref name="hinkley63">Template:Cite book</ref>
- A ruined ancient Egyptian port named Canopus lies near the mouth of the Nile, site of the Battle of the Nile. It is speculated that its name is derived from the Egyptian Coptic Kahi Nub ("Golden Earth"), which refers to how Canopus would have appeared near the horizon in ancient Egypt, reddened by atmospheric extinction from that position.<ref name="hinkley63"/><ref name=lynn1905>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars.<ref name="WGSN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Canopus for this star.<ref name="WGSN1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Canopus is now included in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Canopus traditionally marked the steering oar of the ship Argo Navis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ridpathCr"/> German celestial cartographer Johann Bayer gave it—as the brightest star in the constellation—the designation of α Argus (Latinised to Alpha Argus) in 1603. In 1763, French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille divided the huge constellation into three smaller ones,<ref name=Glass2012>Template:Cite book</ref> and hence Canopus became α Carinae (Latinised to Alpha Carinae). It is listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as HR 2326, the Henry Draper Catalogue as HD 45348, and the Hipparcos catalogue as HIP 30438.<ref name=SIMBAD/> Flamsteed did not number this southern star, but Benjamin Apthorp Gould gave it the number 7 (7 G. Carinae) in his Uranometria Argentina.<ref name=Gould1878>Template:Cite journal</ref>
An occasional name seen in English is Soheil, or the feminine Soheila; in Turkish is Süheyl, or the feminine Süheyla, from the Arabic name for several bright stars, سهيل suhayl,<ref name="hinkley63"/> and Canopus was known as Suhel Template:IPAc-en in medieval times.<ref name=kunitzsch/> Alternative spellings include Suhail, Souhail, Suhilon, Suheyl, Sohayl, Sohail, Suhayil, Shoel, Sohil, Soheil, Sahil, Suhayeel, Sohayil, Sihel, and Sihil.<ref name="hinkley63"/> An alternative name was Wazn "weight" or Haḍar "ground" , implying the anchor stone used by ship, rather than being related to its low position near the horizon.<ref name="hinkley63"/> Hence comes its name in the Alfonsine tables, Suhel ponderosus, a Latinization of Al Suhayl al Wazn.<ref name="hinkley63"/> Its Greek name was revived during the Renaissance.<ref name=kunitzsch>Template:Cite book</ref>
ObservationEdit
The Muslim astronomer Ibn Rushd went to Marrakesh (in Morocco) to observe the star in 1153, as it was invisible in his native Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He used the different visibility in different latitudes to argue that the Earth is round, following Aristotle's argument which held that such an observation was only possible if the Earth was a relatively small sphere.<ref name=ibn_rushd>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
English explorer Robert Hues brought Canopus to the attention of European observers in his 1592 work Tractatus de Globis, along with Achernar and Alpha Centauri, noting:
"Now, therefore, there are but three Stars of the first magnitude that I could perceive in all those parts which are never seene here in England. The first of these is that bright Star in the sterne of Argo which they call Canobus. The second is in the end of Eridanus. The third is in the right foote of the Centaure."<ref>Knobel, p. 416.</ref>
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In the Southern Hemisphere, Canopus and Sirius are both visible high in the sky simultaneously, and reach a meridian just Template:Val apart. Brighter than first magnitude, Canopus can be seen by naked eye in the early twilight. Mostly visible in mid to late summer in the Southern Hemisphere, Canopus culminates at midnight on December 27,<ref name="motz" /> and at 9 PM on February 11.<ref name="Schaaf257">Schaaf, p. 257.</ref>
When seen from latitudes south of Template:DEC S, Canopus is a circumpolar star. Since Canopus is so far south in the sky, it never rises in mid- to far-northern latitudes; in theory the northern limit of visibility is latitude Template:DEC north. This is just south of Athens, San Francisco, and Seoul, and very close to Seville and Agrigento. It is almost exactly the latitude of Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton, California, from which it is readily visible because of the effects of elevation and atmospheric refraction, which add another degree to its apparent altitude. Under ideal conditions, it can be spotted as far north as latitude Template:DEC from the Pacific coast.<ref>D. Gieringer, "Exploring the Tropic of Canopus", Astronomy, December 1985, p.24.</ref> Another northernmost record of visibility came from Mount Nemrut in Turkey, latitude Template:DEC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is more easily visible in places such as the Gulf Coast and Florida, and the island of Crete (Greece) where the best season for viewing it around 9 p.m. is during late January and early February.<ref name="motz">Template:Cite book</ref>
Canopus has a B–V color index of +0.15—where 0 is a blue-white—indicating it is essentially white, although it has been described as yellow-white. Canopus' spectral type has been given as F0 and the incrementally warmer A9. It is less yellow than Altair or Procyon, with indices measured as 0.22 and 0.42, respectively.<ref name=Hoffleit1991>Template:Cite book</ref> Some observers may have perceived Canopus as yellow-tinged because it is low in the sky and hence subject to atmospheric effects.<ref name="Schaaf112">Schaaf, pp. 112–13.</ref> Patrick Moore said that it never appeared anything but white to him.<ref name="moore2000">Template:Cite book</ref> The bolometric correction for Canopus is 0.00,<ref name=smiljanic2006/> indicating that the visual absolute magnitude and bolometric absolute magnitude are equal.
Canopus was previously proposed to be a member of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, however it is not located near the subgroups of that association, and has not been included as a Sco-Cen member in kinematic studies that used Hipparcos astrometric data.<ref name="deZeeuw">Template:Cite journal</ref> Canopus is not thought to be a member of any nearby young stellar groups.<ref name=mamajek>Template:Cite AV media</ref> In 2014, astronomer Eric Mamajek reported that an extremely magnetically active M dwarf (having strong coronal X-ray emission), 1.16 degrees south of Canopus, appears to share a common proper motion with Canopus. The projected separation of the M dwarf 2MASS J06234738-5351131 ("Canopus B") is approximately 1.9 parsecs. However, despite this large separation, it is still within the estimated tidal radius (2.9 parsecs) for the massive star Canopus.<ref name="mamajek"/>
Since it is more luminous than any star closer to Earth, Canopus has been the brightest star in the night sky during three epochs over the past four million years. Other stars appear brighter only during relatively temporary periods, during which they are passing the Solar System much closer than Canopus. About 90,000 years ago, Sirius moved close enough that it became brighter than Canopus, and that will remain so for another 210,000 years. But in 480,000 years, as Sirius moves further away and appears fainter, Canopus will once again be the brightest, and will remain so for a period of about 510,000 years.<ref name="tomkin98">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Edit
The southeastern wall of the Kaaba in Mecca is aligned with the rising point of Canopus, and is also named Janūb.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Bedouin people of the Negev and Sinai knew Canopus as Suhayl, and used it and Polaris as the two principal stars for navigation at night. Because it disappears below the horizon in those regions, it became associated with a changeable nature, as opposed to always-visible Polaris, which was circumpolar and hence 'steadfast'.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The south celestial pole can be approximately located using Canopus and two different bright stars. The first, Achernar, makes an equilateral triangle between the stars and the south pole. One can also locate the pole more roughly using an imaginary line between Sirius and Canopus; Canopus will be approximately at the midpoint, being Template:DEC one way to Sirius and Template:DEC to the pole.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Canopus's brightness and location well off the ecliptic make it useful for space navigation. Many spacecraft carry a special camera known as a "Canopus Star Tracker" plus a Sun sensor for attitude determination. Mariner 4 used Canopus for second axis stabilisation (after locking on the Sun) in 1964, the first time a star had been used.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
SpectrumEdit
Canopus was little-studied by western scientists before the 20th century. It was given a spectral class of F in 1897, an early use of this extension to Secchi class I, applied to those stars where the hydrogen lines are relatively weak and the calcium K line relatively strong.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was given as a standard star of F0 in the Henry Draper Catalogue, with the spectral type F0 described as having hydrogen lines half the strength of an A0 star and the calcium K line three times as strong as Hδ.<ref name=hd>Template:Cite journal</ref> American astronomer Jesse Greenstein was interested in stellar spectra and used the newly built Otto Struve Telescope at McDonald Observatory to analyze the star's spectrum in detail.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a 1942 paper, he reported that the spectrum is dominated by strong broad hydrogen lines. There are also absorption lines of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, iron, and many ionised metals.<ref name=greenstein1942>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was studied in the ultraviolet by an early astronomical satellite, Gemini XI in 1966. The UV spectra were considered to be consistent with an F0 supergiant having a temperature of Template:Val, the accepted parameters for Canopus at the time.<ref name=kondo1970>Template:Cite journal</ref> New Zealand-based astronomers John Hearnshaw and Krishna Desikachary examined the spectrum in greater detail, publishing their results in 1982.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
When luminosity classes were added to the MK spectral classification scheme, Canopus was assigned class Iab indicating an intermediate luminosity supergiant. This was based on the relative strengths of certain spectral lines understood to be sensitive to the luminosity of a star.<ref name=devaucoleurs>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Bright Star Catalogue 5th edition it is given the spectral class F0II, the luminosity class indicating a bright giant.<ref name=bsc>Template:Cite book</ref> Balmer line profiles and oxygen line strengths indicate the size and luminosity of Canopus.<ref name=kovtyukh2012>Template:Cite journal</ref>
When the effects of stellar rotation speed on spectral lines are accounted for, the MK spectral class of Canopus is adjusted to A9II.<ref name=perkins/> Its spectrum consists mostly of absorption lines on a visible continuum, but some emission has been detected. For example, the calcium K line has weak emission wings on each side of the strong central absorption line, first observed in 1966. The emission line profiles are usually correlated with the luminosity of the star as described by the Wilson-Bappu effect, but in the case of Canopus they indicate a luminosity much lower than that calculated by other methods.<ref name=warner1966>Template:Cite journal</ref> More detailed observations have shown that the emission line profiles are variable and may be due to plage areas on the surface of the star. Emission can also be found in other lines such as the h and k lines of ionised magnesium.<ref name=bappu1984>Template:Cite journal</ref>
DistanceEdit
Before the launch of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for Canopus varied widely, from 96 light-years to 1200 light-years (or 30 to 370 parsecs). For example, an old distance estimate of 200 parsecs (652 light years) gave it a luminosity of Template:Solar luminosity,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> far higher than modern estimates.<ref name=vlti>Template:Cite journal</ref> The closer distance was derived from parallax measurements of around Template:Val.<ref name=vandekamp1943>Template:Cite journal</ref> The larger distance derives from the assumption of a very bright absolute magnitude for Canopus.<ref name=vanzyl>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hipparcos established Canopus as being Template:Val (Template:Val) from the Solar System; this is based on its 2007 parallax measurement of Template:Val.<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/> At 95 parsecs, the interstellar extinction for Canopus is low at 0.26 magnitudes.<ref name=DomicianoDeSouza/> Canopus is too bright to be included in the normal observation runs of the Gaia satellite and there is no published Gaia parallax for it.<ref name=dr2>Template:Cite DR2</ref>
At present the star is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of 20 km/s. Some 3.1 million years ago it made the closest approach to the Sun at a distance of about Template:Convert. Canopus is orbiting the Milky Way with a heliocentric velocity of 24.5 km/s and a low eccentricity of 0.065.<ref name=Anderson2012>Template:Citation</ref>
Physical characteristicsEdit
The absorption lines in the spectrum of Canopus shift slightly with a period of Template:Val. This was first detected in 1906 and the Doppler variations were interpreted as orbital motion.<ref name=curtis1907>Template:Cite journal</ref> An orbit was even calculated, but no such companion exists and the small radial velocity changes are due to movements in the atmosphere of the star. The maximum observed radial velocities are only 0.7 to Template:Val. Canopus also has a magnetic field that varies with the same period, detected by the Zeeman splitting of its spectral lines.<ref name=weiss1986>Template:Cite journal</ref> Canopus is bright at microwave wavelengths, one of the few F-class stars to be detected by radio.<ref name=gudel2002>Template:Cite journal</ref> The rotation period of the star is not accurately known, but may be over three hundred days.<ref name=Testa2004>Template:Cite journal</ref> The projected rotational velocity has been measured at 9 km/s.<ref name=ayres2018/>
An early interferometric measurement of its angular diameter in 1968 gave a limb-darkened value of Template:Val, close to the accepted modern value.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Very-long-baseline interferometry has been used to calculate Canopus' angular diameter at Template:Val. Combined with distance calculated from its Hipparcos parallax, this gives it a radius of 71 times that of the Sun.<ref name=vlti/> If it were at the centre of the Solar System, it would extend 90% of the way to the orbit of Mercury.<ref name=Kalerstars>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The radius and temperature relative to the Sun means that it is 10,700 times more luminous than the Sun, and its position in the H-R diagram relative to theoretical evolutionary tracks means that it is Template:Val times as massive as the Sun.<ref name=vlti/> Measurements of its shape find a 1.1° departure from spherical symmetry.<ref name=cruzalebes2015>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Canopus is a source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to several million Kelvin. The temperature has likely been stimulated by fast rotation combined with strong convection percolating through the star's outer layers.<ref name=ness>Template:Cite journal</ref> The soft X-ray sub-coronal X-ray emission is much weaker than the hard X-ray coronal emission. The same behaviour has been measured in other F-class supergiants such as α Persei and is now believed to be a normal property of such stars.<ref name=ayres2018/>
EvolutionEdit
The spectrum of Canopus indicates that it spent some 30 million years of its existence as a blue-white main sequence star of around 10 solar masses, before exhausting its core hydrogen and evolving away from the main sequence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The position of Canopus in the H–R diagram indicates that it is currently in the core-helium burning phase.<ref name=vlti/> It is an intermediate mass star that has left the red-giant branch before its core became degenerate and is now in a blue loop.<ref name=desouza>Template:Cite journal</ref> Models of stellar evolution in the blue loop phase show that the length of the blue loop is strongly affected by rotation and mixing effects inside the star. It is difficult to determine whether a star is currently evolving towards hotter temperature or returning to cooler temperatures, since the evolutionary tracks for stars with different masses overlap during the blue loops.<ref name=smiljanic2006>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Canopus lies on the warm side of the instability strip and does not pulsate like Cepheid variables of a similar luminosity.<ref name=ayres2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> However its atmosphere does appear to be unstable, showing strong signs of convection.<ref name=smiljanic2006/>
Canopus may be massive enough to explode by an iron-core collapse supernova.
Cultural significanceEdit
Canopus was known to the ancient Mesopotamians and represented the city of Eridu in the Three Stars Each Babylonian star catalogues and later MUL.APIN around 1100 BC.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Canopus was called MUL.NUNKI by the Babylonians, which translates as "star of the city of Eridu". Eridu was the southernmost and one of the oldest Sumerian cities. From there is a good view to the south, so that about 6000 years ago due to the precession of the Earth's axis the first rising of the star Canopus in Mesopotamia could be observed only from there at the southern meridian at midnight.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Today, the star Sigma Sagittarii is known by the common name Nunki.<ref name=allen>Template:Citation</ref>
Canopus was not visible to the mainland ancient Greeks and Romans; it was, however, visible to the ancient Egyptians.<ref name="Schaaf107">Schaaf, p. 107.</ref> Hence Aratus did not write of the star as it remained below the horizon, while Eratosthenes and Ptolemy—observing from Alexandria—did, calling it Kanōbos.<ref name=ridpathCr>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An Egyptian priestly poet in the time of Thutmose III mentions the star as Karbana, "the star which pours his light in a glance of fire, when he disperses the morning dew."<ref name="hinkley63" /> Under the Ptolemies, the star was known as Ptolemaion (Greek: Πτολεμαῖον) and its acronychal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival, which was held every four years, from 262 to 145 BC.<ref>Martianus Capella 7.838, Template:Cite journal; Hazzard. 2000. Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda, 34–36.</ref>
The Greek astronomer Posidonius used observations of Canopus to calculate quite accurately the Earth's circumference, around 90 – 120 BC.
IndiaEdit
In Indian Vedic literature, Canopus is associated with the sage Agastya, one of the ancient siddhars and rishis (the others are associated with the stars of the Big Dipper).<ref name="Frawley 1993">Template:Cite book</ref> To Agastya, the star is said to be the 'cleanser of waters', and its rising coincides with the calming of the waters of the Indian Ocean. Canopus is described by Pliny the Elder and Gaius Julius Solinus as the largest, brightest and only source of starlight for navigators near Tamraparni island (ancient Sri Lanka) during many nights.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Frawley 1993"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Iran (Persia)Edit
Canopus, known as Suhail (سُهَيْل) in Arabic and Soheil (سهیل) in Farsi, holds significant cultural importance in Iran. Its visibility in Iran varies due to the country's range of latitudes. For instance, in the Alborz Mountains, at approximately 36°N latitude, Canopus rises just one degree above the southern horizon, making it a rare sight. This rarity has led to the Persian expression "ستاره سهیل شدن" ("becoming the star Soheil"), used to describe someone who is seldom seen or elusive. The term "Soheil" symbolizes rarity in Persian literature, reflecting the star's infrequent visibility in the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ferdowsi references Canopus in his poetry, associating it with Yemen: <poem> ز سر تا بپایش گلست و سمن به سرو سهی بر سهیل یمن </poem> Ze sar tā be-pāyash golast o saman Be sarv-e sehī bar Sohayl-e Yaman <poem> From head to toe, she is adorned with flowers and jasmine, Like the tall cypress under the Canopus of Yemen. </poem> Ferdowsi uses Canopus as a metaphor for beauty and rarity, linking it to Yemen, where the star is visible.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The star's name also appears in Persian literary works, such as Anvār-i Suhaylī (انوار سهیلی) ("Lights of Canopus"), a 15th-century Persian adaptation of Kalīla wa-Dimna (کلیله و دمنه) (itself an earlier Persian translation of the ancient Indian Panchatantra).These works highlight the cultural significance of Canopus in Persian literature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ChinaEdit
Canopus was described as Shou Xing, the Star of Longevity, in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) completed in 94 BC by Chinese historian Sima Qian.<ref name=fong83>Template:Cite journal</ref> Drawing on sources from the Warring States period, he noted it to be the southern counterpart of Sirius,<ref name="IDP"/> and wrote of a sanctuary dedicated to it established by Emperor Qin Shi Huang between 221 and 210 BC. During the Han dynasty, the star was auspicious, its appearance in the southern sky heralding peace and absence war.<ref name=fong83/> From the imperial capital Chang'an, the star made a low transit across the southern sky, indicating true south to observers, and was often obscured by clouds.<ref name=baumann19>Template:Cite journal</ref> During this time it was also equated with Old Man of the South Pole (in Template:Zh)<ref name=fong83/> Under this name, Canopus appears (albeit misplaced northwards) on the medieval Chinese manuscript the Dunhuang Star Chart, although it cannot be seen from the Chinese capital of Chang'an.<ref name="IDP">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Chinese astronomer Yi Xing had journeyed south to chart Canopus and other far southern stars in 724 AD.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its personification as the Old Man Star was popularised in the Tang dynasty, where it appeared often in poetry and memorials. Later still, during the Ming dynasty, the star was established as one of the Three Stars (Fu Lo Shou), appearing frequently in art and literature of the time.<ref name=fong83/> This symbolism spread into neighbouring cultures in Asia.<ref name=baumann19/> In Japan, Canopus is known as Mera-boshi and Roujin-sei (the old man star),<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> and in Mongolia, it was personified as the White Old Man.<ref name=fong83/> Although the link was known in Tibet, with names such as Genpo karpo (Rgan po dkar po) or Genkar (Rgan dkar) "White Old Man", the symbolism was not popular. Instead, Canopus was more commonly named Karma Rishi སྐར་མ་རི་ཥི།, derived from Indian mythology. Tibetans celebrated the star's heliacal rising with ritual bathing and associated it with morning dew.<ref name=baumann19/>
PolynesiaEdit
Bright stars were important to the ancient Polynesians for navigation between the many islands and atolls of the Pacific Ocean. Low on the horizon, they acted as stellar compasses to assist mariners in charting courses to particular destinations. Canopus served as the southern wingtip of a "Great Bird" constellation called Manu, with Sirius as the body and Procyon the northern wingtip, which divided the Polynesian night sky into two hemispheres.<ref name="Holberg">Template:Cite book</ref> The Hawaiian people called Canopus Ke Alii-o-kona-i-ka-lewa, "The chief of the southern expanse"; it was one of the stars used by Hawaiʻiloa and Ki when they traveled to the Southern Ocean.Template:Sfn
The Māori people of New Zealand/Aotearoa had several names for Canopus. Ariki ("High-born"), was known as a solitary star that appeared in the east, prompting people to weep and chant.Template:Sfn They also named it Atutahi, Aotahi or Atuatahi, "Stand Alone".<ref>p. 419, Mythology: Myths, Legends and FantasiesTemplate:Dead link, Janet Parker, Alice Mills, Julie Stanton, Durban, Struik Publishers, 2007.</ref> Its solitary nature indicates it is a tapu star, as tapu people are often solitary. Its appearance at the beginning of the Maruaroa season foretells the coming winter; light rays to the south indicate a cold wet winter, and to the north foretell a mild winter. Food was offered to the star on its appearance.<ref name="Best22">Template:Cite book</ref> This name has several mythologies attached to it. One story tells of how Atutahi was left outside the basket representing the Milky Way when Tāne wove it. Another related myth about the star says that Atutahi was the first-born child of Rangi, who refused to enter the Milky Way and so turned it sideways and rose before it. The same name is used for other stars and constellations throughout Polynesia.Template:Sfn Kapae-poto, "Short horizon", referred to it rarely setting as seen in New Zealand;Template:Sfn Kauanga ("Solitary") was the name for Canopus only when it was the last star visible before sunrise.Template:Sfn
The people of the Society Islands had two names for Canopus, as did the Tuamotu people. The Society Islanders called Canopus Taurua-e-tupu-tai-nanu, "Festivity-whence-comes-the-flux-of-the-sea", and Taurua-nui-o-te-hiti-apatoa "Great-festivity-of-the-border-of-the-south",Template:Sfn and the Tuamotu people called the star Te Tau-rari and Marere-te-tavahi, the latter said to be the true name for the former, "He-who-stands-alone".Template:Sfn
AfricaEdit
In the Guanche mythology of the island of Tenerife (Spain), the star Canopus was linked with the goddess Chaxiraxi.<ref name="Rumeu">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Tswana people of Botswana knew Canopus as Naka. Appearing late in winter skies, it heralded increasing winds and a time when trees lose their leaves. Stock owners knew it was time to put their sheep with rams.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In southern Africa, the Sotho, Tswana and Venda people called Canopus Naka or Nanga, “the Horn Star”, while the Zulu and Swazi called it inKhwenkwezi "Brilliant star". It appears in the predawn sky in the third week of May. According to the Venda, the first person to see Canopus would blow a phalaphala horn from the top of a hill, getting a cow for a reward. The Sotho chiefs also awarded a cow, and ordered their medicine men to roll bone dice and read the fortune for the coming year.<ref name=snedegar95>Template:Cite journal</ref> To the ǀXam-speaking Bushmen of South Africa, Canopus and Sirius signalled the appearance of termites and flying ants. They also believed that stars had the power to cause death and misfortune, and they would pray to Sirius and Canopus in particular to impart good fortune or skill.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The ǃKung people of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana held Canopus and Capella to be the horns of tshxum (the Pleiades), the appearance of all three marking the end of the dry season and start of the rainy season.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
AmericasEdit
The Navajo observed the star and named it Maʼii Bizòʼ, the “Coyote Star”. According to legend, Maʼii (Coyote) took part in the naming and placing of the star constellations during the creation of the universe. He placed Canopus directly south, naming it after himself.<ref name="Maryboy">Maryboy, Nancy D. (2004). A Guide to Navajo Astronomy. Indigenous Education Institute : Bluff, Utah.</ref>
The Kalapalo people of Mato Grosso state in Brazil saw Canopus and Procyon as Kofongo "Duck", with Castor and Pollux representing his hands. The asterism's appearance signified the coming of the rainy season and increase in manioc, a food staple fed to guests at feasts.<ref name="basso87">Template:Cite book</ref>
AustraliaEdit
Canopus is identified as the moiety ancestor Waa "Crow" to some Koori people in southeastern Australia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Boorong people of northwestern Victoria recalled that War (Canopus) was the brother of Warepil (Sirius), and that he brought fire from the heavens and introduced it to humanity. His wife was Collowgullouric War (Eta Carinae).<ref name=hamacher10>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Pirt-Kopan-noot people of western Victoria tell of Waa "Crow" falling in love with a queen, Gneeanggar "Wedge-tailed Eagle" (Sirius) and her six attendants (the Pleiades). His advances spurned, he hears that the women are foraging for grubs and so transforms himself into a grub. When the women dig him out, he changes into a giant and carries her off.<ref>Mudroodoo, p. 55.</ref>
The Kulin people know Canopus as Lo-an-tuka.<ref name=hamacher10/> Objects in the sky are also associated with states of being for some tribes; the Wailwun of northern New South Wales know Canopus as Wumba "deaf", alongside Mars as Gumba "fat" and Venus as Ngindigindoer "you are laughing".<ref name="noctuary">Template:Cite book</ref>
Tasmanian aboriginal lore holds that Canopus is Dromerdene, the brother of Moinee; the two fought and fell out of the sky, with Dromerdene falling into Louisa Bay in southwest Tasmania.<ref name="haynes2000">Template:Cite book</ref> Astronomer Duane Hamacher has identified Canopus with Moinee in a paper dating Tasmanian Aboriginal oral tradition to the late Pleistocene,<ref name=hamacher23>Template:Cite journal</ref> when Canopus was much closer to the South celestial pole.
LegacyEdit
Canopus appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Goiás.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Two U.S. Navy submarine tenders have been named after Canopus, the first serving from 1922 to 1942 and the second serving from 1965 to 1994.
The Royal Navy built nine Canopus-class ships of the line in the early 19th century, and six Template:Sclasss which entered services between 1899 and 1902.
There are at least two mountains named after the star: Mount Canopus in Antarctica; and Mount Canopus or Canopus Hill in Tasmania, the location of the Canopus Hill astronomical observatory.
In popular cultureEdit
- The fictional planet Arrakis, of Frank Herbert's 1965 novel Dune, orbits Canopus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Canopus is the home of superior and benevolent aliens in Doris Lessing's Canopus in Argos books.<ref>"Doris Lessing on Feminism, Communism and 'Space Fiction'"</ref>
- Canopus is a system present in the video game Helldivers 2, host to a desert world.
See alsoEdit
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