Amto–Musan languages
Template:Short description Template:Infobox language family
Amto–Musan is a language family of two closely related but mutually unintelligible Papuan languages, Amto and Siawi, spoken along the Samaia River of Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea.
LanguagesEdit
Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree that the family consists of two languages.<ref name="Foley-Sepik">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Samaia River, New Guinea World</ref>
- Amto–Musan / Samaia River family
External relationshipsEdit
Amto–Musan was left unclassified by Ross (2005) (see Papuan languages#Ross (2005)) due to lack of data; Wurm (1975) had posited it as an independent family. The family has typological similarities with the Busa language isolate, but these do not appear to demonstrate a genetic relationship.
Timothy Usher links the Amto–Musan languages to their neighbors, the Arai languages and the Pyu language in as Arai–Samaia stock.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Foley (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/> Foley also notes that due to heavy contact and trade with Left May languages, Amto–Musan languages have borrowed much cultural vocabulary from Left May.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
CognatesEdit
Amto-Musan family cognates listed by Foley (2018):<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
Amto-Musan family cognates gloss Amto Musan ‘bad’ supuware pioware ‘bird’ ai ʔai ‘black’ towan tewane ‘breast’ ne ne ‘ear’ ye ʔe ‘eye’ mo mene ‘fire’ mari mari ‘leaf’ he sɛʔ ‘liver’ tei teʔ ‘louse’ nanu nanu ‘man’ kyu yɛnokono ‘mother’ ena inaʔ ‘nape’ tipiyari tibiare ‘older brother’ apɔ aboʔ ‘road’ mo mono ‘sago’ tɔ tawe ‘tongue’ həne hanɛ ‘tooth’ i ʔi ‘tree’ ami ameʔ ‘water’ wi wi
Possible cognates between the Amto-Musan and Left May families:<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
Possible Amto-Musan family
and Left May family cognatesgloss Amto Musan Ama Nimo Owiniga ‘breast’ ne ne nano nɔ nano ‘arm’ næ naino ina ‘louse’ nani nanu ani eni ‘tooth’ i ʔi i i ‘water’ wi wi iwa wi bi
Possible loanwords reflecting the close trade relationship between Amto-Musan and Left May speakers:<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
Vocabulary comparisonEdit
The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad & Dye (1975),<ref>Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea Template:Webarchive". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tipeki, ʌbɛki for “stone”) or not (e.g. twæ, nani for “head”).
gloss Amto Siawi head twæ nani hair (twæ) iwɔ nanigi ear ye eʔ eye mo mene nose ni Ǐimʌ tooth i ʔi tongue hæne; hʌne hanɛ louse nanu nani dog hɔ soː pig ma kinʌdiʔ bird ai ʔai egg aiː iǏɔ blood nʌkei hařʔ bone hae hařʔ skin ka ʔaoko breast ne ne tree amɩ ameʔ man kyu yɛnokono woman hama ʔeǏo water wiː wi fire maři maǏi stone tipeki tʌbɛki road, path mo mono eat meːne pe one ohu sʌmo two kiyaA himolo