Aotea Harbour

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File:Pirongia and Aotea Harbour.JPG

View from Phillips Rd toward Mount Pirongia.

Aotea Harbour (Template:Langx) is a settlement and smallest of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island.<ref name=inlets>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> It is located between Raglan Harbour to the north and Kawhia Harbour to the south, 30 kilometres southwest of Hamilton.

File:Aotea Harbour from Phillips Rd.jpg

Looking southwest from Phillips Rd

Geography

Aotea Harbour is a drowned valley system following the post glacial Aranuian sea level rise of over 100m in the last 14,000 years, but its level may also be influenced by the Makomako and Te Maari faults.<ref>Geology of the Raglan-Kawhia Area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (N.Z.), Barry Clayton Waterhouse, P. J. White 1994 Template:ISBN</ref> It has a high-tide area of Template:Convert and a low-tide area of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Most higher ground around the harbour is formed from Jurassic era graywacke stone, while the Aotea Harbour north head were formed from Quaternary marine deposits, wind blown north-east from the Tasman Sea.<ref name=Fox>Template:Cite Q</ref>

54% of the area around the harbour is in sheep and beef grazing. Since 1850 native forest cover has declined from 98% to 28%, about 18% managed by the Department of Conservation.<ref name="inlets" />

Waireinga/Bridal Veil Falls is located on Pakoka River, and Lake Disappear is on Pakihi Stream, both of which flow into Aotea Harbour.

Wildlife

Most of the land surrounding the Aotea Harbour is grassland with occasional pōhutukawa trees; however, archaeological charcoal evidence shows the presence of some tawa, rimu and kanuka trees, alongside Hebe and Coprosma shrubs.<ref name=Fox/> In the present day, some common plants found around the harbour are Cotula coronopifolia, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Avicennia marina, Apodasmia similis, Selliera radicans, Plagianthus divaricatus, Paspalum vaginatum, Samolus repens, Juncus kraussii, Zostera novazelandica, Austrostipa stipoides, Isolepis cernua, Spartina anglica, Schoenoplectus pungens, Baumea juncea, Cordyline australis, Olearia solandri, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Leptospermum scoparium, Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, Coprosma propinqua, Cortaderia selloana, Cortaderia jubata and Typha orientalis.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Birds recorded in the harbour include white faced heron, South Island oyster catcher, godwit, pied stilt, black backed gull, red billed gull, swan, Canada goose, spur-winged plover, New Zealand dotterel, Royal spoonbill, kingfisher, pied shag, fernbird, paradise duck,<ref name=":2" /> Caspian tern, white-fronted tern and gannet.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The commonest fish species in the harbour are anchovy, flounder and yellow-eyed mullet.<ref name=":3" /> Shellfish species found in the harbour include Pipi and cockles.<ref name=Fox/>

Orca, bottlenose and common dolphin occasionally enter the harbour.<ref name=":3" />

History

According to traditional history, the harbour is the final landing place for the Aotea waka.<ref name=Fox/> Migrants from the Aotea waka are said to have brought karaka trees to the area when they settled.<ref>Leach, H., & Stowe, C. (2005). Oceanic arboriculture at the margins—the case of the karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) in Aotearoa. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 114(1), 7-27.</ref> People aboard the 'Tainui waka settled around the Aotea Harbour, Kawhia Harbour and Whaingaroa Harbour (Raglan Harbour) in approximately 1350.<ref name=Fox/> Over 100 Māori archaeological sites are found around the harbour, dating to the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=Fox/> Many found on the Aotea Harbour north head, such as Koreromaiwaho Paa, were covered with Aeolian sand, blown due to the prevailing south-westerly wind.<ref name=Fox/> The people who settled around Aotea Harbour traditionally cultivated kumara, while collecting tuatua from the Tasman Sea, and pipi and cockles from the harbour.<ref name=Fox/> The harbour was the site of a seven generational war between Ngāti Māhanga and Ngāti Tū-irirangi.<ref name="Waitangi"/>

By the early 1800s, the Aotea Harbour area had been settled by Tainui iwi including Ngāti Māhanga, Ngāti Te Wehi, Ngāti Mahuta, Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Toa.<ref name=Fox/><ref name="Waitangi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Conflict between Tainui iwi led by Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Ngāti Toa, led to Ngāti Toa settling Kapiti Island and the Kāpiti Coast in the 1820s, while their allies, the Ngāti Koata, settled around the northern shore of the South Island (in the Tasman, Nelson and Marlborough regions).<ref name=Fox/> In the 1880s described as the north-western edge of the Te Rohe Pōtae (King Country lands).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Marae

Several Waikato Tainui marae are located around Aotea Harbour. Te Tihi o Moerangi Marae and meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Mahuta and Ngāti Te Weehi. Mōtakotako Marae and Te Ōhākī a Mahuta meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Mahuta, Ngāti Te Weehi and Tainui Hapū. Te Papatapu or Te Wehi Marae and Pare Whakarukuruku meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Mahuta and Ngāti Te Weehi.<ref name="tkmentry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="maorimaps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Demographics

The meshblocks around the edge of the harbour had these census results -<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Spoonbills at Aotea Harbour.jpg

Spoonbills can often be seen feeding in the channels between the mud flats

Year	Population	Households	Median age	Median income
992702 Lake Parangi
2001	45	15	22.2	11,700
2006	33	12	20	20,800
2013	33	15	49.7	17,500
0992701 Aotea village
2001	51	24	65.5	12,500
2006	36	15	56	16,300
2013	42	24	62.2	21,300
992900 Okapu
2001	51	24	46.2	15,800
2006	51	18	35	17,500
2013	51	18	49.2	15,300
0862100 Makomako
2001	36	12	13.7	12,500
2006	24	9	38	12,500
2013	24	9	45.2	20,800
862000 Te Papatapu
2001	57	21	30.2	13,800
2006	54	21	36	25,800
2013	48	18	42.8	23,300
861800 Makaka
2001	57	15	37.5	12,500
2006	69	21	34	15,400
2013	60	24	41.5	20,800
Total harbour edge meshblocks				national median $
2001	297	111		18,500
2006	267	96		24,100
2013	258	108		27,900

The population was once much larger. For example, about 200 lived at Makaka in 1880.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Roads

The harbour has few roads giving access to it. Aotea village and Okapu have a road linked to SH31, near Kawhia. A gravel road links SH31 to Makomako. Just north of Makomako, at Maari Stream, two roads link to Te Mata; Te Papatapu Rd follows the edge of the harbour for over Template:Convert. Kawhia Rd runs east via Lake Disappear and Waireinga/Bridal Veil Falls. Phillips Rd branches from Te Papatapu Rd, giving access to some areas north of the harbour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The beaches were initially a main route and were linked by boat across the harbour entrance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

About 1880 Te Papatapu Rd was built from Te Mata, but from Te Papatapu the route was across the harbour at low tide.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The bridges over the Maari and Makomako streams were built about 1918, though the road linking Kawhia and Te Mata was not usable until about 1926. They were replaced by concrete bridges in 1970.<ref name=":1" />

When Makomako School was built in 1925, timber and other supplies were taken by road to Pakoka landing, but then rafted across the harbour and up the stream to a point near the school.<ref name=":1" />

The roads were metalled in the 1930s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

From 1938 to 1952 public buses linked Kawhia and Raglan.

Education

Makomako School was just above the junction of Makomako Road and the Te Mata-Kawhia Road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was open from 26 October 1925 (with an initial roll of 31 girls and 16 boys)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> to 1981,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or 1983.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Makomako and the area north of it are now in the catchment area for Te Mata School,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though the school buses only reach to Te Papatapu Road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From 1899 to 1904 there was a school at Raoraokauere mission station.

External links

• history, geology, flora, fauna, environment and planning
• 1:50,000 map
• The southern part of the Province of Auckland showing the routes and surveys by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, 1859 from the original drawings, by Stokes and Drury, compiled by A. Peterman, 1864
• 1925 1:63,360 geology maps - north and south (to enlarge follow the 'original record' link)
• Landcare Research map of original vegetation, etc.
• vegetation around the edge of the harbour
• archaeology map
• large pa site with photos
• 1854 direction for ships finding the harbour
• water quality
• beachcare group planting
• toxic elements are low
• 2,635ha farm northwest of harbour