Apidae

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Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumblebees and honey bees, but also includes stingless bees (also used for honey production), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, and a number of other less widely known groups.<ref name="DanforthCardinal2013">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="bugguide">BugGuide.Net: the Family Apidae (of bees) . accessed 6.23.2013</ref> Many are valuable pollinators in natural habitats and for agricultural crops.<ref name ="Michener">[Michener, Charles D. (2007) The bees of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Londres.]</ref>

TaxonomyEdit

In addition to its historical classification (honey bees, bumble bees, stingless bees and orchid bees), the family Apidae presently includes all the genera formerly placed in the families Anthophoridae and Ctenoplectridae.<ref name = "Michener" /> Although the most visible members of Apidae are social, the vast majority of apid bees are solitary, including a number of kleptoparasitic species.<ref>[O'Toole, Christopher, Raw, Anthony (1999) Bees of the world. Cassell Illustrated. Template:ISBN]</ref>

The old family Apidae contained four tribes (Apinae: Apini, Euglossini and Bombinae: Bombini, Meliponini) which have been reclassified as tribes of the subfamily Apinae, along with all of the former tribes and subfamilies of Anthophoridae and the former family Ctenoplectridae, which was demoted to tribe status. The trend to move groups down in taxonomic rank has been taken further by a 2005 Brazilian classification that places all existing bee families together under the name "Apidae",<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but it has not been widely accepted in the literature since that time.

SubfamiliesEdit

ApinaeEdit

File:Blue banded bee02.jpg

Amegilla cingulata—a subfamily Apinae digger bee species, of Australian blue banded bees, approaching tomato flower

The subfamily Apinae contains honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, orchid bees, and digger bees, among others. The bees of most tribes placed in Apinae are solitary with nests that are simple burrows in the soil. However, honey bees, stingless bees, and bumblebees are eusocial or colonial. These are sometimes believed to have each developed this trait independently, and show notable differences in such characteristics as communication between workers and methods of nest construction.

Tribes include:<ref name="bugguide"/>

Ancylaini<ref name="Engel2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Anthophorini
Apini
Bombini
Centridini
Ctenoplectrini
Emphorini
Ericrocidini
Eucerini
Euglossini
Exomalopsini
Isepeolini
Melectini
Meliponini
Osirini
Protepeolini
Rhathymini
Tapinotaspidini
Tarsaliini<ref name="Engel2017"/>
Tetrapediini
Teratognathini

NomadinaeEdit

File:34141973nomad.w.jpg

Subfamily Nomadinae cuckoo bee species, on flower.

The subfamily Nomadinae, or cuckoo bees, has 31 genera in 10 tribes which are all cleptoparasites in the nests of other bees.

Tribes include:<ref name="bugguide"/>

XylocopinaeEdit

File:Bee September 2007-6.jpg

Xylocopa violacea—a subfamily Xylocopinae carpenter bee, on flower.

The subfamily Xylocopinae, which includes carpenter bees, is considered ancestrally eusocial and many species are facultatively eusocial.<ref> Groom SVC, Rehan SM (2018) Climate-mediated behavioural variability in facultatively social bees. Biol J Linn Soc 125:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly101</ref> However, colonies are small, usually comprising only a few females.<ref> Mikát M, Fraňková T, Benda D, Straka J (2022) Evidence of sociality in European small carpenter bees (Ceratina). Apidologie 53:18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-022-00931-8. </ref> The most advanced eusociality documented is in the tribe Allodapini.

Most members of this subfamily make nests in plant stems or wood.

Tribes include:<ref name="bugguide"/>