Apt, Vaucluse
{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}}Template:Infobox French commune
Apt ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Provençal Occitan: At / Ate in both classical and Mistralian norms) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
It lies on the left bank of the Calavon, Template:Convert east of Avignon. It is the principal town of the Luberon mountains.
The town is known for defining the Aptian age of the Early Cretaceous.
GeographyEdit
Apt lies north of Aix-en-Provence and the river Durance, in the valley of the river Calavon, (also called the Coulon), and at the foot of the north-facing slopes of the Luberon mountain.
ClimateEdit
Apt has a hot-summer mediterranean climate using the Köppen climate classification, with its relatively high rainfall bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate. On average, Apt experiences 68.6 days per year with a minimum temperature below Template:Convert, 1.0 days per year with a minimum temperature below Template:Convert, 0.5 days per year with a maximum temperature below Template:Convert, and 57.7 days per year with a maximum temperature above Template:Convert. The record high temperature was Template:Convert on June 28, 2019, while the record low temperature was Template:Convert on February 12, 2012.<ref name = Meteociel/>
Geological ageEdit
Apt is the etymological source of the Aptian, an age in the geologic timescale, a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch or series and encompasses the time from 125.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 112.0 ± 1.0 Ma (million years ago), approximately.<ref>Gradstein et al. (2004)</ref> The original type locality is in the vicinity of Apt. The Aptian was introduced in scientific literature by French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny in 1840.
HistoryEdit
Apt was at one time the chief town of the Vulgientes, a Gallic tribe; it was destroyed by the Romans about 125 BC and restored by Julius Caesar, who conferred upon it the title Apta Julia; it was much injured by the Lombards and the Saracens, but its fortifications were rebuilt by the counts of Provence.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |
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A traditional tale attributes the foundation of the bishopric of Apt to a saint named Auspicus, whom Pope Clement I sent and who died a martyr in 102; but the first documented evidence of its existence is in the acts of the Synod of Arles of 314, at which Apt was represented by a priest and an exorcist. Early 5th-century bishop Saint Castor of Apt is mentioned in contemporary liturgical documents and in a 419 letter of Pope Boniface I. The diocese appears in documents of the same century as a suffragan of Aix. As a result of the concordat of 15 July 1801 between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte, the territory of the diocese was incorporated by the bull Qui Christi Domini of 29 November of the same year mainly into the archdiocese of Avignon, with some parishes going instead to the diocese of Digne.<ref>Joseph Hyacinthe Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, Tomo I, Montbéliard 1899, coll. 173-304</ref><ref>Louis Duchesne, Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule, vol. I, Paris 1907, pp. 281–283</ref><ref>Elzéar Boze, Histoire de l'église d'Apt, Apt 1820</ref><ref>Bull Qui Christi Domini, in Bullarii romani continuatio, Vol. XI, Rome 1845, pp. 245–249</ref> No longer a residential bishopric, Apta (as it is called in Latin) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.<ref>Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 Template:ISBN), p. 836</ref>
Important manuscripts were found in Apt concerning music in the 12th/13th centuries. They are known as the Apt Manuscript and the Ivrea Codex. They contain motets and mass movements, all of which are polyphonic. Nine out of fourteen Motets by Philippe de Vitry are recorded in the Ivrea Codex, a compilation of eighty-one compositions dating to 1360. It is purported to have been derived from the repertoire used in the Papal Palace at Avignon, since it is so close and offers a sampling of music from the Ars Nova movement.
Jewish historyEdit
According to documentation, Jews lived in Apt as early as the second half of the 14th century. The earliest documentation of Jews in Apt is dated back to the second half of the 13th century, describing the prohibition of meat selling by Jews to Christians.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Template:Google books</ref> Columbia University Library owns a twelve documents collection of notarial written money lending transactions between Jews and Christians in Apt. One of them describes a transaction between a local Jew called Gartus Bonafossi and a Christian named Iohannes Raymundi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A synagogue was documented as soon as 1416, and around 15 Jewish families were listed by the tax register by 1420. By then, Apt became the fourth largest Jewish community of Provence.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Judaica" /> The Jewish quarter was situated by the nowadays Place du Postel, and the community itself was mentioned in the writings of the poet Isaac Gorni.
Ecclesiastical historyEdit
The council of Apt was held on 14 May 1365 in the cathedral of that city by the archbishops and bishops of the provinces of Arles, Embrun and Aix-en-Provence, in the south of France. Twenty-eight decrees were published and eleven days of indulgence were granted to those who would visit with pious sentiments the church of the Blessed Virgin in the Diocese of Apt on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and venerate there certain relics of the Cross.Template:Sfn
PopulationEdit
Template:Historical populations
SightsEdit
The chief object of interest is the church of Sainte-Anne (once the cathedral), the building of which was begun about the year 1056 on the site of a much older edifice, but not completed until the latter half of the 17th century.<ref name="EB1911"/>
The town was formerly surrounded by massive ancient walls, but these have now been for the most part replaced by boulevards; many of its streets are narrow and irregular.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Many Roman remains have been found in and near the town. A fine bridge, the Pont Julien, spanning the Coulon below the town, dates from 2 BC.<ref name="EB1911"/> Archeologists and others now believe that the Pont Julien dates much later than the 2nd century
EconomyEdit
The region is a centre for wine, honey, truffles, and fruit, much of which is converted to crystallized fruit by both industrial and handmade processes. The headquarters of Delta Plus Group is a located in the city.
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Template:See also Apt is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Bakel, Senegal
- Template:Flagicon Boussu, Belgium
- Template:Flagicon Thiene, Italy
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:CE1913
- MANSI, Coll. Conc., XXVI, 445; MARTÈNE, Thes. nov. anecd. (1717), IV, 331-342; BOZE, Hist. de l'église d'Apt (Apt. 1820)