Assiniboine River

The Assiniboine River (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a Template:Convert long river that runs through the prairies of Western Canada in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It is a tributary of the Red River. The Assiniboine is a typical meandering river with a single main channel embanked within a flat, shallow valley in some places and a steep valley in others. Its main tributaries are the Qu'Appelle, Souris, and Whitesand Rivers.

The river takes its name from the Assiniboine First Nation. Robert Douglas of the Geographical Board of Canada (1933) made several comments as to its origin: "The name commemorates the Assiniboine natives called by La Vérendrye in 1730 'Assiniboils' and by Governor Knight in 1715 of the Hudson's Bay Company 'stone Indians.' Assiniboine is the name of an Indian tribe and is derived from 'assine' a stone and 'bwan' native name of the Sioux, hence Stony Sioux name was possibly given because they used heated stones in cooking their food."<ref>R. Douglas, Place names of Manitoba, Geographic Board of Canada, Department of Interior, Canada, 1933</ref>

Course

File:Winnipeg Forks - Red & Assiniboine rivers.jpg

Junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in Downtown Winnipeg

The Assiniboine River rises in eastern Saskatchewan east of the community of Kelvington on the upper prairie level above the Manitoba Escarpment. The Assiniboine River flows through three basic zones with different channel characteristics. Upstream of Brandon, the main stem of the river and its most important tributaries flow within a very large valley. The valley was cut by huge glacial melt water flows at the end of the last glaciation. The floor of this spillway valley provides a natural floodplain for the river and the valley provides a significant storage volume making the construction of the Shellmouth Dam north of Russell both technically and economically viable. The major tributaries in this reach are the Qu'Appelle, Shell and Little Saskatchewan Rivers.

The glacial flows created a large delta east of Brandon extending almost to Portage la Prairie. The river has eroded down through sediments of the delta cutting a narrow valley through these sediments as it drops through a vertical distance of about Template:Convert to the Lake Agassiz – Red River Plain. In this valley, the river is confined with a narrow valley floor. The Souris River is the primary tributary contributing flow to the Assiniboine in this reach. Near Portage la Prairie the river emerges from the delta reach onto the relatively flat Red River plain (the floor of former Glacial Lake Agassiz) and at this point it can flow in any direction from roughly northwest to roughly southeast. The gradient of the river channel within the delta reach to the west is relatively high, so the river water velocities are fairly high and the waters of the river carry significant amounts of sediment. The gradient in the flat Red River plain is much less and the velocity of the river water flowing over this plain is much lower. Therefore, the sediments carried by the river waters as they flow through the delta reach are deposited onto the plain. The Assiniboine winds its way east eventually joining the Red River at "The Forks" in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Today, Assiniboine Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority is named after the river. Asessippi Provincial Park, an RV park was built on the east shore of the Shellmouth Reservoir.Template:Relevance inline

The Assiniboine River has changed course numerous times over past centuries. It has followed its modern course for approximately 700 years. The Assiniboine River formerly met the Red River near the present-day mouth of the La Salle River. A Government of Manitoba report following the 2011 Assiniboine River Flood found that the flood "could have resulted in the river flowing east by a different route, possibly joining the Red River south of Winnipeg, or potentially even flowing north to Lake Manitoba as it did thousands of years ago," without the flood control infrastructure currently in place.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Tributaries

Notable tributaries of the Assiniboine River include:

• Whitesand River, which joins it near Kamsack, Saskatchewan
• Lilian River, which joins it at Sturgis, Saskatchewan
• Souris River, which joins it near Wawanesa, Manitoba
• Birdtail Creek which joins at the Birdtail Sioux First Nation
• Little Saskatchewan River, which joins west of Brandon
• Qu'Appelle River, which joins near the site of the Hudson's Bay Company historic Fort Ellice site

Flow rates and flood potential

File:2005 Winnipeg Flood.JPG

The Assiniboine River flooding the Forks Marina in Winnipeg

There are three hydrometric stations on the river that have been taking measurements since 1913. The Assiniboine River near Headingley has an average discharge of Template:Convert.<ref name=atlas>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> One millimeter of runoff from half the watershed would take 70 hours to drain at flow rates of Template:Convert. The following discharge rates were recorded during the 1995 flood:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Location	Peak flow, 1995 (m3/s)	Mean flow, April '95 (m3/s)	Mean flow, May '95 (m3/s)	Max flow, date (m3/s)
Russell	360 May 4	34.2	46.3	504 April 29, 1922
Brandon	566 April 26	81.1	104.0	651 May 7, 1923
Headingley	300 April 20	115.0	142.0	614 April 27, 1916

It is prone to spring flooding. Some flood flows can be diverted into Lake Manitoba at Portage la Prairie. In 1967, the Shellmouth Dam was built in Shellmouth to help reduce flood peaks and to supplement flows during dry periods. The Portage Diversion was completed in 1970. Despite these efforts, in May 2011 it was necessary to breach one of the dikes beside the river to relieve flood stresses east of Portage la Prairie. A Manitoba-wide state of emergency was declared in the wake of one in three hundred-year floods on the Assiniboine River at Brandon.<ref name="ctv_1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="cjob_1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Below are the actual observed flow rates for major floods at different locations along the river:

Location	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2011 Peak Flow (cfs) <ref name="Province of Manitoba"/>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brandon	43,000	21,700	36,700	38,870	23,500
Portage la Prairie	51,414	49,000	53,100	52,100	39,000
Headingley	32,000	21,700	19,200	TBD	15,360

• Note: Flows in 1882 occurred before any flood protection measures such as the Shellmouth Reservoir and Portage Diversion were built.

Looking specifically at the Assiniboine River at Portage La Prairie, where maximum river flows occur prior to historical spillovers (prior to construction of the Portage Diversion and the Lower Assiniboine River Dikes) into the watersheds of Lake Manitoba and the La Salle River, the top 10 calculated natural peak flow rates before construction of the current flood infrastructure are:

Year	Calculated peak flow (cfs)<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>
1882	51,414
1902	32,322
1904	41,806
1974	30,121
1976	50,137
1995	31,551
2009	27,202
2011	60,114
2014	54,369
2017	40,350

Fish species

Fish species commonly found in the river include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, mooneye, burbot, channel catfish, brown bullhead, rock bass, white sucker, shorthead redhorse, and common carp.

See also

• List of longest rivers of Canada
• List of rivers of Manitoba
• List of rivers of Saskatchewan
• Assiniboine River fur trade

External links

• Fish Species of Saskatchewan
• Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
• Template:Commons category-inline