Astoria, Oregon
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Astoria is a port city in and the county seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1811, Astoria is the oldest city in the state and was the first permanent American settlement west of the Rocky Mountains.Template:Sfn The county is the northwest corner of Oregon, and Astoria is located on the south shore of the Columbia River, near where the river flows into the Pacific Ocean. The city is named for John Jacob Astor, an investor and entrepreneur from New York City, whose American Fur Company founded Fort Astoria at the site and established a monopoly in the fur trade in the early 19th century. Astoria was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on October 20, 1856.<ref name=incorp /> The population was 10,181 at the 2020 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The city has a deepwater port, operated by the Port of Astoria, and lies across Youngs Bay from Astoria Regional Airport in Warrenton. Astoria is at the western end of U.S. Route 30 and is served by U.S. Route 101, which travels across the Columbia River on the Astoria–Megler Bridge to neighboring Washington.
HistoryEdit
Prehistoric settlementsEdit
The present area of Astoria was inhabited by a large, prehistoric Native American trade system of the Columbia Plateau.<ref>Rebecca Sedlak (August 2, 2012). "First archaeological dig 'scratches the surface' of Fort Astoria’s history". The Daily Astorian. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</ref><ref>Galm, Jerry R., (1989), Prehistoric Trade and Exchange in the Columbia Plateau, Paper presented at the 42nd Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference, Spokane, Washington. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</ref>
19th centuryEdit
The Lewis and Clark Expedition spent the winter of 1805–1806 at Fort Clatsop, a small log structure southwest of modern-day Astoria. The expedition had hoped a ship would come by that could take them back east, but instead, they endured a torturous winter of rain and cold. They later returned overland and by internal rivers, the way they had traveled west.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During archeological excavations in Astoria and Fort Clatsop in 2012, trading items from American settlers with Native Americans were found, including Austrian glass beads and falconry bells. Today, the fort has been recreated and is part of Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Multiple image In 1811, British explorer David Thompson, the first person known to have navigated the entire length of the Columbia River, reached the partially constructed Fort Astoria near the mouth of the river. He arrived two months after the Pacific Fur Company's ship, the Tonquin.Template:Sfn The fort constructed by the Tonquin party established Astoria as a U.S., rather than a British, settlementTemplate:Sfn and became a vital post for American exploration of the continent. It was later used as an American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute with European nations.
The Pacific Fur Company, a subsidiary of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, was created to begin fur trading in the Oregon Country.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the War of 1812, in 1813, the company's officers sold its assets to their Canadian rivals, the North West Company, which renamed the site Fort George. The fur trade remained under British control until U.S. pioneers following the Oregon Trail began filtering into the town in the mid-1840s. The Treaty of 1818 established joint U.S. – British occupancy of the Oregon Country.<ref name="US Treaties in Force 2005">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn
_ASTORIA,_OREGON,_ENTRANCE_TO_COLUMBIA_RIVER.jpg){kind=link}
Washington Irving, a prominent American writer with a European reputation, was approached by John Jacob Astor to mythologize the three-year reign of his Pacific Fur Company. Astoria (1835), written while Irving was Astor's guest, promoted the importance of the region in the American psyche.<ref>In his introduction to the rambling work, Irving reports that Astor explicitly "expressed a regret that the true nature and extent of his enterprizeand its national character and importance had never been understood."</ref> In Irving's words, the fur traders were "Sinbads of the wilderness", and their venture was a staging point for the spread of American economic power into both the continental interior and outward in Pacific trade.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1846, the Oregon Treaty divided the mainland at the 49th parallel north, making Astoria officially part of the United States.<ref name="Canado-American Treaties Text">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As the Oregon Territory grew and became increasingly more colonized by Americans, Astoria likewise grew as a port city near the mouth of the great river that provided the easiest access to the interior. The first U.S. post office west of the Rocky Mountains was established in Astoria in 1847<ref name="Oregon Sesquicentennial exhibit online version.pdf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and official state incorporation in 1876.<ref name="incorp" />
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Astoria attracted a host of immigrants beginning in the late 19th century: Nordic settlers, primarily Swedes, Swedish-speaking Finns, and Chinese soon became larger parts of the population. The Nordic settlers mostly lived in Uniontown, near the present-day end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge, and took fishing jobs; the Chinese tended to do cannery work, and usually lived either downtown or in bunkhouses near the canneries. By the late 1800s, 22% of Astoria's population was Chinese.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Astoria also had a significant population of Indians, especially Sikhs from Punjab; the Ghadar Party, a political movement among Indians on the West Coast of the U.S. and Canada to overthrow British rule in India, was officially founded on July 15, 1913, in Astoria.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
20th and 21st centuriesEdit
In 1883, and again in 1922, downtown Astoria was devastated by fire, partly because the buildings were constructed mostly of wood, a readily available material. The buildings were entirely raised off the marshy ground on wooden pilings. Even after the first fire, the same building format was used. In the second fire, flames spread quickly again, and the collapsing streets took out the water system. Frantic citizens resorted to dynamite, blowing up entire buildings to create fire stops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| Panoramic views of Astoria in the early 20th century File:Astoria, Oregon, looking out the mouth of the Columbia River LCCN2007662739.tif |
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Astoria has served as a port of entry for over a century and remains the trading center for the lower Columbia basin. In the early 1900s, the Callendar Navigation Company was an important transportation and maritime concern based in the city.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> It has long since been eclipsed in importance by Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, as economic hubs on the coast of the Pacific Northwest. Astoria's economy centered on fishing, fish processing, and lumber. In 1945, about 30 canneries could be found along the Columbia River.
In the early 20th century, the North Pacific Brewing Company contributed substantially to the economic well-being of the town.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> Before 1902, the company was owned by John Kopp, who sold the firm to a group of five men, one of whom was Charles Robinson, who became the company's president in 1907.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The main plant for the brewery was located on East Exchange Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As the Pacific salmon resource diminished, canneries were closed. In 1974, the Bumble Bee Seafoods corporation moved its headquarters out of Astoria and gradually reduced its presence until closing its last Astoria cannery in 1980.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The lumber industry likewise declined in the late 20th century. Astoria Plywood Mill, the city's largest employer, closed in 1989. The Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway discontinued service to Astoria in 1996, as it did not provide a large enough market.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
From 1921 to 1966, a ferry route across the Columbia River connected Astoria with Pacific County, Washington. In 1966, the Astoria–Megler Bridge was opened. The bridge completed U.S. Route 101 and linked Astoria with Washington on the opposite shore of the Columbia, replacing the ferry service.Template:Sfn
Today, tourism, Astoria's growing art scene, and light manufacturing are the main economic activities of the city. Logging and fishing persist, but at a fraction of their former levels.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since 1982 it has been a port of call for cruise ships, after the city and port authority spent $10 million in pier improvements to accommodate these larger ships.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
To avoid Mexican ports of call during the swine flu outbreak of 2009, many cruises were rerouted to include Astoria. The floating residential community MS The World visited Astoria in June 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The town's seasonal sport fishing tourism has been active for several decades.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Visitors attracted by heritage tourism and the historic elements of the city have supplanted fishing in the economy. Since the early 21st century, the microbrewery/brewpub scene<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a weekly street market<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> have helped popularize the area as a destination.
In addition to the replicated Fort Clatsop, another point of interest is the Astoria Column, a tower Template:Convert high, built atop Coxcomb Hill above the town. Its inner circular staircase allows visitors to climb to see a panoramic view of the town, the surrounding lands, and the Columbia flowing into the Pacific. The tower was built in 1926. Financing was provided by the Great Northern Railway, seeking to encourage tourists, and Vincent Astor, a great-grandson of John Jacob Astor, in commemoration of the city's role in the family's business history and the region's early history.<ref name=acolcch>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=tcatas>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since 1998, artistically inclined fishermen and women from Alaska and the Pacific Northwest have traveled to Astoria for the Fisher Poets Gathering, where poets and singers tell their tales to honor the fishing industry and lifestyle.<ref name=smithso>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Another popular annual event is the Dark Arts Festival, which features music, art, dance, and demonstrations of craft such as blacksmithing and glassblowing, in combination with offerings of a large array of dark craft brews. Dark Arts Festival began as a small gathering at a community arts space. Now Fort George Brewery hosts the event, which draws hundreds of visitors and tour buses from Seattle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Astoria is the western terminus of the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail, a Template:Convert coast-to-coast bicycle touring route created in 1976 by the Adventure Cycling Association.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At least two United States Coast Guard cutters: the David Duren and Elm, are homeported in Astoria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeographyEdit
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert are covered by water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimateEdit
Astoria lies within the Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen Csb), with cool winters and mild summers, although short heat waves can occur. Rainfall is most abundant in late fall and winter and is lightest in July and August, averaging about Template:Convert of rain each year.<ref name="climate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Snowfall is relatively rare, averaging under Template:Convert a year and frequently having none.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nevertheless, when conditions are ripe, significant snowfalls can occur.
Astoria's monthly average humidity is always over 80% throughout the year, with average monthly humidity reaching a high of 84% from November to March, with a low of 81% during May.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The average relative humidity in Astoria is 89% in the morning and 73% in the afternoon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Annually, an average of only 4.2 afternoons have temperatures reaching Template:Convert or higher, and Template:Convert readings are rare. Normally, only one or two nights per year occur when the temperature remains at or above Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An average of 31 mornings have minimum temperatures at or below the freezing mark. The record high temperature was Template:Convert on July 1, 1942, and June 27, 2021. The record low temperature was Template:Convert on December 8, 1972, and on December 21, 1990. Even with such a cold record low, afternoons usually remain mild in winter. On average, the coldest daytime high is Template:Convert whereas the lowest daytime maximum on record is Template:Convert.<ref name = NCDC /> Even during brief heat spikes, nights remain cool. The warmest overnight low is Template:Convert set in May 2008.<ref name = NCDC /> Nights close to that record are common with the normally warmest night of the year being at Template:Convert.<ref name = NCDC />
On average, 191 days have measurable precipitation. The wettest "water year", defined as October 1 through September 30 of the next year, was from 1915 to 1916 with Template:Convert and the driest from 2000 to 2001 with Template:Convert. The most rainfall in one month was Template:Convert in December 1933, and the most in 24 hours was Template:Convert on November 25, 1998.<ref name = NCDC /> The most snowfall in one month was Template:Convert in January 1950,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the most snow in 24 hours was Template:Convert on December 11, 1922.<ref name = NCDC />
DemographicsEdit
2010 censusEdit
As of the 2010 census,<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 9,477 people, 4,288 households, and 2,274 families were residing in the city. The population density was Template:Convert. The 4,980 housing units had an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% White, 0.6% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 9.8% of the population.
Of the 4,288 households, 24.6% had children under 18 living with them, 37.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.0% were not families. About 38.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.15, and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 41.9 years; 20.3% of residents were under 18; 8.6% were between 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
2000 censusEdit
As of the 2000 census,<ref name="GR2" /> 9,813 people, 4,235 households, and 2,469 families resided in the city. The population density was Template:Convert. The 4,858 housing units had an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the city was 91.08% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 1.14% Native American, 1.94% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 2.67% from other races, and 2.46% from two or more races. About 5.98% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.
By ethnicity, 14.2% were German, 11.4% Irish, 10.2% English, 8.3% United States or American, 6.1% Finnish, 5.6% Norwegian, and 5.4% Scottish according to the 2000 United States census.
Of the 4,235 households, 28.8% had children under 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were not families. About 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.26, and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city the age distribution was 24.0% under 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $33,011, and for a family was $41,446. Males had a median income of $29,813 versus $22,121 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,759. About 11.6% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under 18 and 9.6% of those 65 or over.
Arts and cultureEdit
Museums and other points of interestEdit
- Astoria Riverwalk with Astoria Riverfront Trolley, Uniontown Neighborhood, Columbia River Maritime Museum, Uppertown Firefighters Museum and Pier 39 Astoria
- The Astoria Column (the highest point in Astoria) with nearby Cathedral Tree Trail
- Heritage Museum, located in the Old City Hall
- Fort Astoria, Fort George Brewery
- Astor Building, Liberty Theater
- Museum of Whimsy, Astoria Sunday Market, Garden of Surging Waves, Astoria City Hall
- Oregon Film Museum, Flavel House
- Astoria Regional Airport with CGAS Astoria
- Fort Stevens, Clatsop Spit, Fort Clatsop and Youngs River Falls
Shanghaied in Astoria is a musical about Astoria's history that has been performed in Astoria every year since 1984.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GovernmentEdit
Astoria operates under a council–manager form of city government. Voters elect four councilors by ward and a mayor, who each serve four-year terms.<ref name=city-council>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The mayor and council appoint a city manager to conduct the ordinary business of the city.Template:R The current mayor is Sean Fitzpatrick, who took office in January 2023. His predecessor, Bruce Jones, served from 2019 to 2022.
EducationEdit
The Astoria School District has four primary and secondary schools, including Astoria High School. Clatsop Community College is the city's two-year college. The city also has a library and many parks with historical significance, plus the second oldest Job Corps facility (Tongue Point Job Corps) in the nation. Tongue Point Job Corps center is the only such location in the country which provides seamanship training.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MediaEdit
The Astorian (formerly The Daily Astorian) is the main newspaper serving Astoria. It was established Template:Years or months ago, in 1873,<ref name=bluebook>Newspapers Published in Oregon Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved July 22, 2012.</ref> and has been in continuous publication since that time.<ref name=opna-jun2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Coast River Business Journal is a monthly business magazine covering Astoria, Clatsop County, and the Northwest Oregon coast. It, along with The Astorian, is part of the EO Media Group (formerly the East Oregonian Publishing Company) family of Oregon and Washington newspapers.<ref name=eo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The local NPR station is KMUN 91.9, and KAST 1370 is a local news-talk radio station.
Filming locationEdit
The early 1960s television series Route 66 filmed the episode entitled "One Tiger to a Hill"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Astoria; it was broadcast on September 21, 1962.
In recent popular culture, Astoria is most famous for being the setting of the 1985 film The Goonies, which was filmed on location in the city. Other notable movies filmed in Astoria include Short Circuit, The Black Stallion, Kindergarten Cop, Free Willy, Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, Benji the Hunted, Come See the Paradise, The Ring Two, Into the Wild, The Guardian and Green Room.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InfrastructureEdit
TransportationEdit
Astoria is at the intersection of U.S. Route 101, the primary coastal highway in Oregon, and U.S. Route 30, which follows the Columbia River inland to Portland and into Eastern Oregon.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> The Template:Convert Astoria–Megler Bridge carries U.S. Route 101 across the Columbia River into neighboring Washington state. It opened in 1966 and carries an average of 7,000 vehicles per day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Public transit service within the city is provided by the Sunset Empire Transportation District, which was established in 1993 by the county government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It also operates intercity service that connects to neighboring parts of Northwestern Oregon; other intercity connections include the Pacific Transit System, which runs a bus from Astoria to Ilwaco, Washington.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Port of Astoria was established in 1910 and operates cargo and recreational facilities on the Columbia River. It also manages the Astoria Regional Airport in Warrenton, which opened in 1935 and is also used by Coast Guard Air Station Astoria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Passenger service from Astoria Regional Airport to Portland International Airport was briefly operated by SeaPort Airlines until it ceased service in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Notable peopleEdit
In popular cultureEdit
Actor Clark Gable is claimed to have begun his career at the Astoria Theatre in 1922.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons, called the "Father of Cable Television", developed one of the first community antenna television stations (CATV) in the United States in Astoria starting in 1948.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The fourth album of the pop punk band The Ataris was titled So Long, Astoria as an allusion to The Goonies. A song of the same title is the album's first track. The album's back cover features news clippings from Astoria, including a picture of the port's water tower from a 2002 article on its demolition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The pop punk band Marianas Trench has an album titled Astoria. The band states the album was inspired by 1980s fantasy and adventure films, and The Goonies in particular. That film inspired the title, as it was set in Astoria, the album's artwork, as well as the title of their accompanying US tour (Hey You Guys!!).<ref name=highlight>Template:Cite news</ref>
The film Green Room prominently featured Astoria and the areas surrounding Portland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Two U.S. Navy cruisers were named USS Astoria: A New Orleans-class heavy cruiser (CA-34) and a Cleveland class light cruiser (CL-90). The former was lost in the Pacific Ocean in combat at the Battle of Savo Island in August 1942, during World War II,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the latter was scrapped in 1971 after being removed from active duty in 1949.<ref name="DANFS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sister citiesEdit
Astoria has one sister city,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as designated by Sister Cities International:
- Template:Flagicon Walldorf, Germany, which is the birthplace of Astoria's namesake, John Jacob Astor, who was born in Walldorf near Heidelberg on July 17, 1763. The sistercityship was founded on Astor's 200th birthday in 1963 in Walldorf by Walldorf's mayor Wilhelm Willinger and Astoria's mayor Harry Steinbock.Template:Sfn
See alsoEdit
- Astoria Regional Airport
- The Clatsop tribe of Native Americans
- Columbia Memorial Hospital
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Clatsop County, Oregon — 44 Astoria structures and districts listed (2020)
- Socialist Party of Oregon § The Finnish Socialists of Astoria
- Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Ebeling, Herbert C.: Johann Jakob Astor. Walldorf, Germany: Astor-Stiftung, 1998. Template:ISBN.
- Leedom, Karen L.: Astoria: An Oregon History. Astoria, Oregon: Rivertide Publishing, 2008. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book Elma MacGibbons reminiscences about her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Astoria and the Columbia River".
External linksEdit
Template:Sister projectTemplate:Wikivoyage
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Entry for Astoria in the Oregon Blue Book
- Astoria-Warrenton Chamber of Commerce
- Astoria Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting
Template:Clatsop County, Oregon Template:US state navigation box Template:Oregon county seats