Astraea
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In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Astraea (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), also spelled Astrea or Astria, is a daughter of Astraeus and Eos. She is the virgin goddess of justice, innocence, purity, and precision. She is closely associated with the Greek goddess of justice, Dike, the daughter of Zeus and Themis. Astraea is not to be confused with Asteria, the goddess of the stars and the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe.
In Greek myth, Astraea lived together with humans on earth during the idealistic Golden Age, when people were virtuous and no evil existed in the world. But as the human race became progressively crueler and more corrupt, Astraea decided to abandon humanity forever and live among the stars as the constellation Virgo.
The main belt asteroid 5 Astraea is named after her, and her name was also suggested for the planet Uranus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The goddess's name "Astraea" (spelled in Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is derived from the Greek word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (astḗr) meaning "star".Template:Sfn The word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in turn is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European root Template:PIE (“star”), from Template:PIE, meaning "to burn".Template:Sfn Astraea's name thus shares an etymology with the name of Astraeus, who is her father in some versions, and cousin Asteria.
Family and attributesEdit
When identified with the justice goddess Dike, Astraea is made the daughter of Zeus and Themis, or otherwise she is the daughter of Astraeus and Eos-Aurora, goddess of the dawn.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Juvenal calls Astraea the sister of Pudicitia (the Roman goddess of chastity and equivalent to Greek AidosTemplate:Sfn), and that the two sisters withdrew from the mortal world together.<ref>Juvenal, Satires 6.10–20</ref> When relating this tale, ancient authors tend to alternate between referring to her as Dike or Astraea. As Dike, she is also called Iustitia, the name of the Roman goddess of justice and counterpart to Dike.Template:Sfn Astraea was represented holding a pair of scales, symbol of justice and impartiality.Template:Sfn
MythologyEdit
The Golden AgeEdit
Astraea, the celestial virgin who presided over justice, modesty and good faith,Template:Sfn was traditionally said to be the last of the immortals to live together with humans during the Golden Age, the first of the old Greek religion's five Ages of Man until the coming of the harsh Iron Age, when the world fell into disarray and people only coveted gold, while family and friends would no longer trust each other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The myth of Astraea has been variously attributed to eighth-century BC Greek poet Hesiod, who in his surviving works prophesied that since mankind had deteriorated so much in morality and virtue during his era (that is the Fifth Age, or Iron Age) the goddesses Nemesis and Aidos, who embodied divine retribution and humility respectively, would finally abandon the earth once and for all and return to Mount Olympus by the end of it, forsaking men and leaving them to deal with the hardships and evils on their own.<ref>Hesiod, Works and Days 174-201</ref>Template:Sfn
Later authors, starting first with Aratus writing over four hundred years after Hesiod, expanded on the tale. According to the later myths, at the beginning of time Justice (Dike) or Astraea the daughter of Astraeus used to live and mingle with men and women on earth, an immortal among mortals. During this Golden Age there was no strife, war and battle or detestation between people as Justice urged them all to be kind to each other and spread feelings of virtue and honour among them.Template:Sfn In this pre-seafaring era, humans only ploughed their rich fields while Justice supplied them with all they could ever want or need.<ref>Aratus, Phaenomena 96-136</ref>
As the Golden Age ended and the Silver one arrived, the goddess found herself dissatisfied as people were less virtuous than before and started yearning for the older times. She no longed spoke with gentle words to them and took to the hills and then the mountains.<ref>Eratosthenes, Catasterismi 9</ref> She used threats and shame on them, but failed to motivate them to become better people.<ref name="rose">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Then the Bronze and Iron Ages rolled in which introduced war and hatred, corruption, people consuming the oxen they previously only used to plough the fields and the vanishment of honour and love.Template:Sfn<ref>Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.25.1</ref> They began to sail the seas after cutting down trees to build ships,Template:Sfn divided the free land between them and dug up the earth in search for wealth such as iron and gold.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Finally the disillusioned Dike-Astraea decided to abandon humanity for good and take her place among the stars as the constellation Virgo,Template:Sfn also known as the Maiden, with the star Spica as the ear of corn she holds.Template:Sfn<ref name="rose"/>
To a smaller extend, Astraea was also envisioned as the goddess who watched over mortals and then reported their wrongdoings back to Zeus.Template:Sfn Valerius Flaccus wrote that the harsh weather and storms of November were associated with Zeus' vengeance against mankind on behalf of Astraea.<ref>Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.357-366</ref> According to Nonnus, Astraea as the starry nurse of the universe once took under her care and nurished Beroe, the daughter of Aphrodite. She nursed the infant on her breast and fashioned a necklace out of Spica for her.<ref>Nonnus 41.212–230</ref>
VirgilEdit
The first-century BC Roman poet Virgil wrote that Astraea was destined one day to come back to Earth, bringing with her the return of the utopian Golden Age of which she was the ambassador,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and the reign of Saturnus, a Roman fertility god associated with the Greek Cronus, but who nevertheless had an independent origin and worship in the Italic peninsula, lauded as the fallen god-king who introduced agriculture and helped humans develop civilization.Template:Sfn The prophecy of Astraea's hoped-for return is found in the fourth book of his Eclogues:
Virgil used the pre-existing myth of Astraea within a political frame in order to hail the dawning Augustan rule, signaling the return of harmony and lack of war, conflict and suffering; he adds that Astraea's return will be accompanied by the arrival of a child who will also kick off Augustus' new golden age.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn What is the identity of the child that would escort Astraea is the subject of much debate; it has been speculated that Virgil meant the son of Gaius Asinius Pollio, the consul to whom the poem was dedicated; or the marriage of Mark Antony and Octavia the Younger, Augustus' sister; or even Alexander Helios, the son of Cleopatra and Mark Antony.Template:Sfn
Conflation with DikeEdit
Astraea was conflated and often treated as interchangeable with Dike,Template:Sfn one of the Horae (daughters of Zeus and Themis) and goddess of justice, who was also given the same story of living with mortals during the early years of humanity before abandoning them to become the Virgo after their wickedness and lawlessness became too unbearable for her.Template:Sfn Dike's fiercer form was Nemesis, the goddess who is set to depart from the earth in Hesiod's prophecy.Template:Sfn
Judging from the preserved Greek and Roman corpus and art, there is no indication that this goddess was ever properly called Astraea before Ovid in the early first century AD, with writers preceding him preferring Dike ("justice") or simply the Maiden to refer to her.Template:Sfn It seems that the notion of using Astraea as her name proper was prompted from Aratus writing that Astraeus was the star-maiden's father.Template:Sfn
Legacy of AstraeaEdit
During the European Renaissance, Astraea became associated with the general spirit of renewal of culture occurring at that time, particularly in England, where she became poetically identified in literature with the figure of Queen Elizabeth I as the virgin Queen reigning over a new Golden Age.Template:Sfn In Spain, she was often identified with the rule of Philip IV. The French author Honoré d'Urfé wrote a very popular serial novel called L'Astrée, whose titular heroine is named after Astraea, which was published serially between 1607 and 1627 with each installment very much anticipated by the aristocratic public at the time; Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Confessions (p. 160 Penguin Classics) notes it as one of the novels read with his father and says it "was the one that recurred most frequently to my mind". A spectacle play by the Count of Villamediana and thirteen dramas by Pedro Calderón de la Barca introduce a character named Astraea to highlight the political and astrological concerns.Template:Sfn In the Russian Empire, Astraea was identified first with Empress Elizabeth of Russia, then with Empress Catherine the Great of Russia.
The English epic poet Edmund Spenser further embellished this myth at the opening of Book V of The Faerie Queene (1596), where he claims that Astraea left behind "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" called Talus. William Shakespeare refers to Astraea in Titus Andronicus, and also in Henry VI, Part 1. In his most famous play, Life Is a Dream, Calderón has a character named Rosaura (an anagram for "dawns") take on the name of Astraea at Court. This may be a laudatory political allusion to the dawn of a new Golden Age under Philip IV/Segismundo.
Astraea is also referenced in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, in Book IV between lines 990 and 1000. When Satan is discovered in the Garden of Eden and brought before the Angel Gabriel, the two are on the verge of war.
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The British writer Aphra Behn used "Astrea" as one of her code-names while working as a spy for King Charles II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She subsequently used the name "Astrea" to identify the speaker in many of her poems, and was herself referred to as "The Incomparable Astrea".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Astraea was represented on a allegorical engraving by John Norman published in 1784, just a few years after the American declaration of independence, in which she appears to decide on where on earth she will make her residence while Nature is about to play the lyre, Fame blows her trumpet and Liberty presents a medal to George Washington.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
"Astræa" is also the title of a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The planned British replacement A21/Mk7 nuclear warhead will be named Astraea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GenealogyEdit
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See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
Primary sourcesEdit
- Aratus of Soli, Phaenomena in Callimachus, Lycophron, Aratus. Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron: Alexandra. Aratus: Phaenomena, with an English translation by A. W. Mair, G. R. Mair. Loeb Classical Library 129. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921. Online text at Topos Text.
- Eratosthenes, Catasterismi, with a Latin translation, Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht: 1795. Bavarian State Library. Text available at the Internet Archive.
- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hesiod, Works and Days in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Works and Days. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version available online on the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hyginus, Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Juvenal, Satires with an English translation by G. G. Ramsay. London, London Heinemann. 1920. Online version available at Internet Archive.
- Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, III Books XXXVI-XLVIII. Loeb Classical Library No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. Internet Archive.
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- Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated into English by J. H. Mozley. Loeb Classical Library 286. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
- Virgil, Eclogues, with an English translation by J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1895. Online text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Secondary sourcesEdit
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- Template:Cite book Online version at Perseus.tufts project.
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- Template:Cite book Online version at the Perseus.tufts library.
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External linksEdit
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