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Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (Template:Langx), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately Template:Cvt, and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes, another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada.
HistoryEdit
The Atlantic Provinces are the historical territories of the Mi'kmaq,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Naskapi,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Beothuk<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Nunatsiavut<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador Inuit (Labradormiut), who are descended from the Thule people.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Exploration and settlementEdit
Leif Erikson and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":11">Template:Cite book</ref> The location of Vinland is uncertain,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> has been identified as a good candidate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted.<ref name=":11" /> The site produced the first evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Acadia, a colony of New France, was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined the Wabanaki Confederacy, important allies to New France.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
British expansionEdit
Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713,<ref name=":10">Template:Cite journal</ref> giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing the first French Shore,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>
Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts, Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery.<ref name=":10" /> Between 1755 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as the Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following the Seven Years War and the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral Hugh Palliser, consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island,<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> including the Bay of Islands and Humber Arm, much of it by the Royal Naval officer James Cook.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1764 some of the Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Loyalist and British usageEdit
After the conclusion of the American Revolution with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 many loyalists from the United States settled in the region.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref> This influx of immigrants caused the partition of Nova Scotia creating New Brunswick.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly Anglo-Canadian population.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the new settlers brought with them Black slaves.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Also 3,000 Black loyalists who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Most of the free Blacks settled at Birchtown,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the most prominent Black township in North America at the time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
The War of 1812 significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and as strategic support bases for the British war effort against the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ImmigrationEdit
In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the great potato famine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Saint John and Halifax, both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with Saint John's quarantine station on Partridge Island being the second-busiest in British North America during the epidemic typhus outbreak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood, coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref> He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime provinces," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":9">Template:Citation</ref> The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered Confederation during the 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867,<ref name=":8" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
GeographyEdit
Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, rugged mountains, and dense forests.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":5" />
Region and nearby areaEdit
The area is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Quebec to the west.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The region shares two international borders one with the United States and its State of Maine<ref name=":3" /> and another off the coast of Newfoundland with France and its overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The region's maritime environment has influenced the region's climate, culture, and economy.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like Halifax and St. John's and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Canadian dividingEdit
Although Quebec has a physical Atlantic coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> instead, it is classified as part of Central Canada, along with Ontario.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as Eastern Canada.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Atlantic Canada includes a section of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Appalachian Uplands.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being fjorded.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Some areas contain glaciofluvial deposits.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EconomyEdit
Atlantic Canada's primary industries are natural resource extraction and power generation including fishing,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> hydroelectricity,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> wind power,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> forestry,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> oil,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and mining.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fishing and the Atlantic OceanEdit
The Atlantic provinces contribute a large part of Canada's fish production,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Over half of all ocean related jobs in Canada are found in Atlantic Canada with 75% of the ocean economy centered in its provinces.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The access point for many of such fisheries being the Gulf of St. Lawrence<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and the Atlantic continental shelf.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Due to the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery Canada imposed a moratorium of cod fishing in 1992.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This affected the region significantly and caused the loss of between 30,000 and 50,000 jobs in the region which was the largest single layoff in Canadian history.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency is the official agency responsible for creating economic opportunities within Atlantic Canada.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Power productionEdit
Labrador hosts the second largest hydroelectric system in Canada at Churchill Falls where it produces 35,000 GWh of power each year.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Elsewhere in the region wind power and hydrogen generation have begun to make a large impact on the energy landscape including exporting energy to Canada and hydrogen overseas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ResourcesEdit
The region is host to parts of Canada's eastern boreal forests which were historically used for timber production and boat production.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of gypsum and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Atlantic provinces, iron,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> anhydrite, salt, coal, limestone, silica, sand, quartz, marble, slate, sandstone, granite, and peat are also mined.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SourcesEdit
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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