Gulf of St. Lawrence
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The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a gulf that fringes the shores of the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada, plus the islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, possessions of France, in North America.<ref name="The Environmental Atlas of the St. Lawrence">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence - Fisheries and Oceans Canada" />
The Gulf of St. Lawrence connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="Fischeries and Oceans Canada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Great Lakes Commission">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="St Lawrence River Canadian Encyclopedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeographyEdit
ExtentEdit
The Gulf of St. Lawrence is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula and Quebec, on the east by Saint-Pierre and Newfoundland, on the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and on the west by the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, and Quebec. The Gulf of St. Lawrence contains numerous islands, including Anticosti, Prince Edward, Saint Pierre, Cape Breton, Miquelon-Langlade, and the Îles-de-la-Madeleine archipelago.
Half of Canada's ten provinces adjoin the Gulf: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec.
There is no consensus on the demarcation of the St Lawrence River from the Gulf, nor whether it is hydrographically a gulf or an estuary.<ref name="Histoire du Canada Français depuis la découverte">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Small Ocean or Big Estuary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to Commission of Toponymy Quebec, the St. Lawrence River becomes the gulf at Pointe des Monts on the Côte-Nord and Matane Bas-Saint-Laurent or Sainte-Anne-des-Monts La Haute-Gaspésie, the Estuary is upstream, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, much wider, downstream.<ref name="Toponymie Quebec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Pointe des Monts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the gulf's extent as follows:<ref name="Gulf of St. Lawrence 1953">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- On the Northeast: A line running from Cape Bauld (North point of Kirpon Island, Template:Coord) to the East extreme of Belle Isle<ref name="Strait of Belle Isle, toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and on to the Northeast Ledge (Template:Coord). Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles (52°13'N) in Labrador.
- On the Southeast: A line from Cape Canso (Template:Coord) to Red Point (Template:Coord) in Cape Breton Island, through this Island to Cape Breton [[[:Template:Coord]]] and on to Pointe Blanche (Template:Coord) in the Island of St. Pierre, and thence to the southwest point of Morgan Island (Template:Coord).
- On the West: The meridian of 64°30'W from Pointe-Jaune (Template:Coord) to Magpie (Template:Coord), but the whole of Anticosti Island is included in the Gulf.
At Baie-Trinité, the Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse, a National historic site of Canada, was built in 1829–1830 on a point that geographers throughout history, since as early as Samuel de Champlain (1567–1655), have classified as the demarcation point between the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.<ref name="The Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The Canadian Lighthouse">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fisheries and Oceans Canada's "Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence planning area" covers most of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion, an area with some of the warmest surface waters in Atlantic Canada during summer and the largest amount of sea ice during winter. The planning area is approximately 240,000 km².<ref name="Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence - Fisheries and Oceans Canada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tributaries and nested baysEdit
Besides the St. Lawrence itself, significant rivers emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence include the Miramichi, Natashquan, Romaine, Restigouche, Margaree, Humber and Mingan.
Branches of the Gulf include Chaleur Bay, Fortune Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay St. George, Bay of Islands, and the Northumberland Strait.
OutletsEdit
Around Anticosti Island and to flow into the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the Gulf take the following straits:
- Jacques Cartier Strait, between the shore of Côte-Nord region and the North of Anticosti Island.<ref name="Canadian sailing directions. ATL 110, St. Lawrence River, Cap Whittle/Cap Gaspé to Les Escoumins and Anticosti Island.">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Honguedo Strait, a wide passage between the Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island.<ref name="Honguedo Strait, toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Strait of Belle Isle<ref name="Strait of Belle Isle, toponymy" /> between Labrador and Newfoundland: between Template:Convert and Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert deep at its deepest.
- Cabot Strait, about 56 miles wide, is the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence between Cape Ray, Newfoundland, and Cape North, the NE point of Cape Breton Island.<ref name="ATL 104: Cape North to Cape Canso (including Bras d’Or Lake)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Strait of Canso<ref name="Strait of Canso - Water Resources - Map">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> is located between Cape Breton Island and mainland Nova Scotia, it originally served as an outlet 1.0 km (0.6 mi) wide and 60 m (200 ft) deep at its deepest.<ref name="Strait of Canso Environment Committee - Water resources">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Flow through the Canso Causeway">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to the construction of the Canso Causeway across the strait in 1955, the roadway no longer allows exchange of water between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Canso Causeway - Road to the Isles">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Undersea FeaturesEdit
The Laurentian Channel is a feature of the floor of the Gulf that was formed during previous ice ages, when the Continental Shelf was eroded by the St. Lawrence River during the periods when the sea level plunged. The Laurentian Channel is about Template:Convert deep and about Template:Convert long from the Continental Shelf to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Deep waters with temperatures between Template:Convert enter the Gulf at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation.<ref>Galbraith, P.S., Pettipas, R.G., Chassé, J., Gilbert, D., Larouche, P., Pettigrew, B., Gosselin, A., Devine, L. and Lafleur, C. 2009. Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2008. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2009/014. iv + 69 p.</ref> Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in the St. Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic.<ref>Gilbert, D., B. Sundby, C. Gobeil, A. Mucci and G.-H. Tremblay. 2005. A seventy-two-year record of diminishing deep-water oxygen in the St. Lawrence estuary: The northwest Atlantic connection. Limnol. Oceanogr., 50(5): 1654–1666.</ref>
HistoryEdit
The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation.<ref name="A Brief History of the Gulf Region">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Action River, Discovering the St. Lawrence">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence River Valley before European Contact">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Citation needed
The first documented voyage by a European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. Cartier named the shores of the St. Lawrence River "The Country of Canadas", after an indigenous word meaning "village" or "settlement", thus naming the world's second largest country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Basque whalers from Saint-Jean-de-Luz sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1530 and began whaling at Red Bay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They established their base on the Strait of Belle Isle<ref name="Strait of Belle Isle, toponymy" /> and worked closely with the Iroquois in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1579 the English government closed all English ports to Spanish oil imports. As a result, a third of Basque whale oil could not be sold. Basque whaling collapsed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and never recovered.
EcologyEdit
Marine MammalsEdit
Thirteen species of cetaceans inhabit the estuary and gulf of the St. Lawrence River:<ref name="Whales Online, magazine and encyclopedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Northern bottlenose whale
- Beluga whale
- Sperm whale
- Atlantic white-sided dolphin
- White-beaked dolphin
- Orca
- Long-finned pilot whale
- Harbour porpoise
- North Atlantic right whale
- Common minke whale
- Blue whale
- Humpback whale
- Fin whale
Weather and climateEdit
In winter, large quantities of ice form in the St. Lawrence River. Ice formation begins in December between Montreal and Quebec City. The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards the estuary, generally reaching east of Les Méchins around the end of December. Ice covers the entire gulf in January and February.<ref name="The secrets of the Saint-Laurent, marine weather guide" />
Ice aids in navigation, preventing the formation of waves and therefore spray, thus having the advantage of preventing the icing process of ships.<ref name="The secrets of the Saint-Laurent, marine weather guide">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Human activityEdit
PortsEdit
Almost all of Quebec's ports are located along the St. Lawrence River seaway. Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Côte-Nord Shore include Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la-Madeleine).<ref name="Ports in the province of Quebec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Protected Areas and National ParksEdit
The Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area was created following the signing of the Canada–Quebec Collaborative Agreement to Establish a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Quebec in March 2018.<ref name="Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Cold Water Corals and Sponges">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
St. Paul Island, located off the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island, is known as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" because of its many shipwrecks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Access to this island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1919 the first Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBS) in Canada were established under the Migratory Birds Convention Act on Bonaventure Island, on the Bird Rocks of the Magdalen Islands, and on the Percé Rock. These migratory bird sanctuaries are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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National Parks touching the Gulf of St. Lawrence include Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve, in Côte-Nord, Forillon National Park on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Prince Edward Island National Park on the northern shore of the island, Kouchibouguac National Park on the northeastern coast of New Brunswick, Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island, and Gros Morne National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland.<ref name="Parks Canada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Find a Parks Canada location">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Quebec, since March 31, 2024, the network of protected areas<ref name="Protected areas in Quebec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Map of protected areas in Quebec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> extends over 274,431 km2 and is established as follows:
- Continental environment (terrestrial and fresh water): 255,377 km2 or 16.89%;
- Marine and coastal environments: 18,991 km2 or 12.21% distributed as follows:
- Marine protected areas and territories set aside in the marine environment: 16,140 km2 or 10.39%;
- Portions of territories in marine and coastal environments associated with protected areas whose conservation objectives do not specifically target the marine environment (national parks, national park reserves of Quebec and Canada, migratory bird sanctuaries, planned aquatic reserves, reserves of projected biodiversity, areas of concentration of aquatic birds, etc.): 2,854 km2 or 1.84%;
- Plan Nord territory: 229,021 km2 or 19.19%.<ref name="Network of protected areas in Quebec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The five provinces bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence have several provincial parks with protected coasts.Template:Citation needed Template:GeoGroup
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Eric W. Morse 1968, Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada /Then and Now, pp 121
- Frère Marie-Victorin (1885-1944), Anticosti, land with immense spaces, the sea all around, and a social world of the 1920s gone forever. Anticosti/UdeM archives, 14 photos (French)
- Species of cetacean, comparison poster, Encyclopedia Britannica 2024
- Integrated Access to Knowledge and Open Data of the St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence Global Observatory (SLGO). (French)
- Atlas of the biodiversity of northern Quebec, Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC). (French)
- Rare plants of the Mingan Archipelago Environnement Canada, 2025 (French)
- The lighthouse Trail, Bas-Saint-Laurent, Gaspésie, Côte-Nord, Îles de la Madeleine (French)
- The New Map of Empire. How Britain Imagined America before Independence, Harvard University Press
- Mapping Land Tenure Pluralism in the St. Lawrence River Valley, Julia Lewandoski, essay kicks off a Borealia series on Cartography an Empire
- Légendes du Saint-Laurent, Récits des voyageurs, Jean-Claude Dupont, 1985, 72 pages (French)
- Radio Aids to Marine Navigation 2024, Radio Aids to Marine Navigation 2024, (Atlantic, St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg, Arctic and Pacific) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 298 pages
- Royal Canadian Geographial Society, Maze to the Aguanish, a 680 kilometre canoe trip through the wilds of Labrador and Quebec, that traverse the headwaters of the Romaine and the Petit-Mécatina rivers, 2021
- The Gulf of St. Lawrence - a Unique Ecosystem, Government of Canada 2005 [English | French]
- Timing and position of late Wisconsinan ice-margins on the upper slope seaward of Laurentian Channel David J. W. Piper et Adam Macdonald, 2001, 11 page
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