Australian magpie
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Taveuni, Fiji
The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) is a black and white passerine bird native to Australia and southern New Guinea, and introduced to New Zealand, and the Fijian island of Taveuni.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although once considered to be three separate species, it is now considered to be one, with nine recognised subspecies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A member of the Artamidae, the Australian magpie is placed in its own genus Gymnorhina and is most closely related to the black butcherbird (Melloria quoyi).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is not closely related to the Eurasian magpie, which is a corvid.
The adult Australian magpie is a fairly robust bird ranging from Template:Convert in length, with black and white plumage, gold brown eyes and a solid wedge-shaped bluish-white and black bill. The male and female are similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by differences in back markings. The male has pure white feathers on the back of the head where the female has white blending to grey feathers. With its long legs, the Australian magpie walks rather than waddles or hops and spends much time on the ground.
Described as one of Australia's most accomplished songbirds, the Australian magpie has an array of complex vocalisations. It is omnivorous, with the bulk of its varied diet made up of invertebrates. It is generally sedentary and territorial throughout its range. Common and widespread, it has adapted well to human habitation and is a familiar bird of parks, gardens and farmland in Australia and New Guinea. This species is commonly fed by households around Australia, but in spring (and occasionally in autumn) a small minority of breeding magpies (almost always males) become aggressive, swooping and attacking those who approach their nests. Research has shown that magpies can recognise at least 100 different people, and may be less likely to swoop individuals they have befriended.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Over 1,000 Australian magpies were introduced into New Zealand from 1864 to 1874,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but were subsequently deemed to be displacing native birds and are now treated as a pest species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Introductions also occurred in the Solomon Islands and Fiji, where the birds are not considered an invasive species. The Australian magpie is the mascot of several Australian and New Zealand sporting teams, including the Collingwood Magpies, the Western Suburbs Magpies, Port Adelaide Magpies and, in New Zealand, the Hawke's Bay Magpies.
Taxonomy and nomenclatureEdit
The Australian magpie was first described in the scientific literature by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 as Coracias tibicen, the type collected in the Port Jackson region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn Its specific epithet derived from the Latin tibicen "flute-player" or "piper" in reference to the bird's melodious call.<ref name=simpson>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hig579">Template:Harvnb</ref> An early recorded vernacular name is piping poller, written on a painting by Thomas Watling, one of a group known collectively as the Port Jackson Painter,<ref name="nhmuk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> some time between 1788 and 1792.<ref name="Kap3">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other names used include piping crow-shrike, piping shrike, piper, maggie, flute-bird and organ-bird.<ref name="Hig579" /> The term bell-magpie was proposed to help distinguish it from corvid magpies but failed to gain wide acceptance.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Tarra-won-nang,<ref name="nhmuk" /> or djarrawunang, wibung, and marriyang were names used by the local Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney Basin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Booroogong and garoogong were Wiradjuri words and Victorian terms included carrak (Jardwadjali),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> kuruk (Western Victorian languages), kiri (Dhauwurd Wurrung language) and kurikari (Wuluwurrung).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Among the Kamilaroi, it is burrugaabu,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> galalu, or guluu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Western Australia it is known as warndurla among the Yindjibarndi people of the central and western Pilbara,<ref name="juluwarlu">Template:Cite book</ref> and koorlbardi amongst the south west Noongar peoples.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In South Australia, where it is the State emblem, it is the kurraka (Kaurna), murru (Narungga), urrakurli (Adnyamathanha), goora (Barngarla), konlarru (Ngarrindjeri) and tuwal (Bunganditj).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The bird was named for its similarity in colouration to the Eurasian magpie; it was a common practice for early settlers to name plants and animals after European counterparts.<ref name="Kap3" /> However, the Eurasian magpie is a member of the Corvidae, while its Australian counterpart is placed in the family Artamidae (although both are members of a broad corvid lineageTemplate:Citation needed). The Australian magpie's affinities with butcherbirds and currawongs were recognised early, and the three genera were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> American ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and the butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini clade,<ref name="SibAhl85">Template:Cite journal</ref> in the Artamidae.<ref name="CB08">Template:Cite book</ref> The Australian magpie is placed in its own monotypic genus Gymnorhina, which was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name of the genus is from the Ancient Greek gumnos for "naked" or "bare" and rhis, rhinos "nostrils".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some authorities such as Glen Storr in 1952 and Leslie Christidis and Walter Boles in their 2008 checklist, have placed the Australian magpie in the butcherbird genus Cracticus, arguing that its adaptation to ground-living is not enough to consider it a separate genus.<ref name="CB08" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A molecular genetic study published in a 2013 showed that the Australian magpie is a sister taxon to the black butcherbird (Melloria quoyi), and that the two species are in turn sister to a clade that includes the other butcherbirds in the genus Cracticus. The ancestor to the two species is thought to have split from the other butcherbirds between 8.3 and 4.2 million years ago, during the late Miocene to early Pliocene, while the two species themselves diverged sometime during the Pliocene (5.8–3.0 million years ago).<ref name="kearns13">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The Australian magpie was subdivided into three species in the literature for much of the twentieth century: the black-backed magpie (G. tibicen), the white-backed magpie (G. hypoleuca), and the western magpie (G. dorsalis).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They were later noted to hybridise readily where their territories crossed, with hybrid grey or striped-backed magpies being quite common. They were reclassified as one species by Julian Ford in 1969,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with most recent authors following suit.<ref name="CB08" />
SubspeciesEdit
There are currently thought to be nine subspecies of the Australian magpie, although there are large zones of overlap with intermediate forms between the taxa. There is a tendency for birds to become larger with increasing latitude, the southern subspecies being larger than those further north, except the Tasmanian form which is small.<ref name="Hig622">Template:Harvnb</ref> The original form, known as the black-backed magpie and classified as Gymnorhina tibicen, has been split into four black-backed races:
- G. tibicen tibicen, the nominate form, is a large subspecies found in southeastern Queensland, from the vicinity of Moreton Bay through eastern New South Wales to Moruya, New South Wales almost to the Victorian border. It is coastal or near-coastal and is restricted to east of the Great Dividing Range.<ref name="Hig579" />
- G. tibicen terraereginae, found from Cape York and the Gulf Country southwards across Queensland to the coast between Halifax Bay in the north and south to the Mary River, and central and western New South Wales and into northern South Australia, is a small to medium-sized subspecies.<ref name="Hig579" /> The plumage is the same as that of subspecies tibicen, although the female has a shorter black tip to the tail. The wings and tarsus are shorter and the bill proportionally longer.<ref name="Hig620">Template:Harvnb</ref> It was originally described by Gregory Mathews in 1912, its subspecies name a Latin translation, terra "land" reginae "queen's" of "Queensland". Hybridisation with the large white-backed subspecies tyrannica occurs in northern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales; intermediate forms have black bands of varying sizes in white-backed area. Three-way hybridisation occurs between Bega and Batemans Bay on the New South Wales south coast.<ref name="Hig621">Template:Harvnb</ref>
- G. tibicen eylandtensis, the Top End magpie, is found from the Kimberley in northern Western Australia, across the Northern Territory through Arnhem Land and Groote Eylandt and into the Gulf Country.<ref name="Hig580" /> It is a small subspecies with a long and thinner bill, with birds of Groote Eylandt possibly even smaller than mainland birds.<ref name="Hig624">Template:Harvnb</ref> It has a narrow black terminal tailband,<ref name="Kap7">Template:Harvnb</ref> and a narrow black band; the male has a large white nape, the female pale grey.<ref name="Hig624" /> This form was initially described by H. L. White in 1922. It intergrades with subspecies terraereginae southeast of the Gulf of Carpentaria.<ref name="Hig624" />
- G. tibicen longirostris, the long-billed magpie, is found across northern Western Australia, from Shark Bay into the Pilbara.<ref name="Hig580" /> Named in 1903 by Alex Milligan, it is a medium-sized subspecies with a long thin bill. Milligan speculated the bill may have been adapted for the local conditions, slim fare meaning the birds had to pick at dangerous scorpions and spiders.<ref name="Kap6">Template:Harvnb</ref> There is a broad area of hybridisation with the western dorsalis in southern central Western Australia from Shark Bay south to the Murchison River and east to the Great Victoria Desert.<ref name="Hig623">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The white-backed magpie, originally described as Gymnorhina hypoleuca by John Gould in 1837, has also been split into races:
- G. tibicen tyrannica, a very large white-backed form found from Twofold Bay on the New South Wales far south coast, across southern Victoria south of the Great Dividing Range through to the Coorong in southeastern South Australia. It was first described by Schodde and Mason in 1999.<ref name="Hig580" /> It has a broad black tail band.<ref name="Kap7" />
- G. tibicen telonocua, found from Cowell south into the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas in southern South Australia, as well as the southwestern Gawler Ranges. Described by Schodde and Mason in 1999,<ref name="Hig580" /> its subspecific name is an anagram of leuconota "white-backed". It is very similar to tyrannica, differing in having a shorter wing and being lighter and smaller overall. The bill is relatively short compared with other magpie subspecies. Intermediate forms are found in the Mount Lofty Ranges and on Kangaroo Island.<ref name="Hig622" />
- G. tibicen hypoleuca now refers to a small white-backed subspecies with a short compact bill and short wings, found on King and Flinders Islands, as well as Tasmania.<ref name="Hig580" />
- The western magpie, G. tibicen dorsalis was originally described as a separate species by A. J. Campbell in 1895 and is found in the fertile south-west corner of Western Australia.<ref name="Hig580" /> The adult male has a white back and most closely resembles subspecies telonocua, though it is a little larger with a longer bill and the black tip of its tail plumage is narrower. The female is unusual in that it has a scalloped black or brownish-black mantle and back; the dark feathers there are edged with white. This area appears a more uniform black as the plumage ages and the edges are worn away. Both sexes have black thighs.<ref name="Hig623" />
- The New Guinean magpie, G. tibicen papuana, is a little-known subspecies found in southern New Guinea.<ref name="Hig580" /> The adult male has a mostly white back with a narrow black stripe, and the female a blackish back; the black feathers here are tipped with white similar to subspecies dorsalis. It has a long deep bill resembling that of subspecies longirostris.<ref name="black86">Template:Cite journal</ref> Genetically it is closely related to a western lineage of Australian magpies comprising subspecies dorsalis, longirostris and eylandtensis, suggesting their ancestors occupied in savannah country that was a land bridge between New Guinea and Australia and was submerged around 16,500 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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G. t. terraereginae
Queensland - Australian Magpie 1, jjron, 5.07 highlight.jpg
G. t. tyrannica
southern Victorian coast - Magpie on dead branch02.jpg
Male G. t. tyrannica
showing prominent white back - Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen tibicen) male Sydney.jpg
G. t. tibicen
Sydney, NSW - Tasmanian magpie pair.jpg
Male (left) and female (right) Tasmanian magpies
- Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen telonocua) female Adelaide.jpg
G. t. telonocua
Adelaide, SA - G tibicen dorsalis gnangarra.jpg
G. t. dorsalis, female
The plumage at the nape is a starker white in males
DescriptionEdit
The adult magpie ranges from Template:Convert in length with a Template:Convert wingspan, and weighing Template:Convert.<ref name="Hig580">Template:Harvnb</ref> Its robust wedge-shaped bill is bluish-white bordered with black, with a small hook at the tip. The black legs are long and strong.<ref name="Hig618">Template:Harvnb</ref> The plumage is pure glossy black and white; both sexes of all subspecies have black heads, wings and underparts with white shoulders. The tail has a black terminal band. The nape is white in the male and light greyish-white in the female. Mature magpies have dull red eyes, in contrast to the yellow eyes of currawongs and white eyes of Australian ravens and crows.<ref name="Hig581" /> The main difference between the subspecies lies in the "saddle" markings on the back below the nape. Black-backed subspecies have a black saddle and white nape.<ref name="Hig580" /> White-backed subspecies have a wholly white nape and saddle. The male Western Australian subspecies dorsalis is also white-backed, but the equivalent area in the female is scalloped black.<ref name="Hig581">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Juveniles have lighter greys and browns amidst the starker blacks and whites of their plumage;<ref name="Simpsday">Template:Cite book</ref> two- or three-year-old birds of both sexes closely resemble and are difficult to distinguish from adult females.<ref name="Hig618" /> Immature birds have dark brownish eyes until around two years of age.<ref name="Hig618" /> Australian magpies generally live to around 25 years of age,<ref name="Kapvii">Template:Harvnb</ref> though ages of up to 30 years have been recorded.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The reported age of first breeding has varied according to area, but the average is between three and five years.<ref name="Hig595">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Well-known and easily recognisable, the Australian magpie is unlikely to be confused with any other species. The pied butcherbird has a similar build and plumage, but has white underparts unlike the former species' black underparts. The magpie-lark is a much smaller and more delicate bird with complex and very different banded black and white plumage. Currawong species have predominantly dark plumage and heavier bills.<ref name="Hig581" />
VocalisationsEdit
{{#invoke:Listen|main}} One of Australia's most highly regarded songbirds, the Australian magpie has a wide variety of calls, many of which are complex. Pitch may vary as much as four octaves,<ref name="Hig605">Template:Harvnb</ref> and the bird can mimic over 35 species of native and introduced bird species, as well as dogs and horses.<ref name="Hig606">Template:Harvnb</ref> Magpies have even been noted to mimic human speech when living in close proximity to humans.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Its complex, musical, warbling call is one of the most familiar Australian bird sounds. In Denis Glover's poem "The Magpies", the mature magpie's call is described as quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> one of the most famous lines in New Zealand poetry, and as waddle giggle gargle paddle poodle, in the children's book Waddle Giggle Gargle by Pamela Allen.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The bird has been known to mimic environmental sounds as well, including the noises made by emergency vehicles during the 2019-20 "Black Summer" bushfire season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When alone, a magpie may make a quiet musical warbling; these complex melodious warbles or subsongs are pitched at 2–4 KHz and do not carry for long distances. These songs have been recorded as being up to 70 minutes long, and are more frequent after the end of the breeding season.<ref name="Kap111">Template:Harvnb</ref> Pairs of magpies often take up a loud musical calling known as carolling to advertise or defend their territory; one bird initiates the call with the second (and sometimes more) joining in.<ref name="Kap109">Template:Harvnb</ref> Often preceded by warbling,<ref name="Hig606" /> carolling is pitched between 6 and 8 kHz and has 4–5 elements with slurring indistinct noise in between.<ref name="Kap36">Template:Harvnb</ref> Birds adopt a specific posture by tilting their heads back, expanding their chests, and moving their wings backwards.<ref name="Kap37">Template:Harvnb</ref> A group of magpies sing a short repetitive version of carolling just before dawn (dawn song), and at twilight after sundown (dusk song), in winter and spring.<ref name="Hig606" />
Fledgling and juvenile magpies emit a repeated short and loud (80 dB), high-pitched (8 kHz) begging call.<ref name="Kap76">Template:Harvnb</ref> Magpies may indulge in beak-clapping to warn other species of birds.<ref name="Kap107">Template:Harvnb</ref> They employ several high pitched (8–10 kHz) alarm or rallying calls when intruders or threats are spotted. Distinct calls have been recorded for the approach of eagles and monitor lizards.<ref name="Kap110">Template:Harvnb</ref>
- Australian Magpie Serenade.webm
A trio of Australian magpies break into song
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Magpie in an aggressive display and call
Distribution and habitatEdit
The Australian magpie is found in the Trans-Fly region of southern New Guinea, between the Oriomo River and Muli Strait, and across most of Australia, bar the tip of Cape York,<ref name="Hig583">Template:Harvnb</ref> the Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts, and the southwest of Tasmania.<ref name="Hig584">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Australian magpie prefers open areas such as grassland, fields and residential areas such as parks, gardens, golf courses, and streets, with scattered trees or forest nearby. Birds nest and shelter in trees but forage mainly on the ground in these open areas.<ref name="Hig582">Template:Harvnb</ref> It has also been recorded in mature pine plantations; birds only occupy rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest in the vicinity of cleared areas.<ref name="Hig583" /> In general, evidence suggests the range and population of the Australian magpie has increased with land-clearing, although local declines in Queensland due to a 1902 drought, and in Tasmania in the 1930s have been noted; the cause for the latter is unclear but rabbit baiting, pine tree removal, and spread of the masked lapwing (Vanellus miles) have been implicated.<ref name="Hig585">Template:Harvnb</ref>
New ZealandEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Birds taken mainly from Tasmania and Victoria were introduced into New Zealand by local Acclimatisation Societies of Otago and Canterbury in the 1860s, with the Wellington Acclimatisation Society releasing 260 birds in 1874. White-backed forms are spread on both the North and eastern South Island, while black-backed forms are found in the Hawke's Bay region.<ref name="Long81">Template:Cite book</ref> Magpies were introduced into New Zealand to control agricultural pests, and were therefore a protected species until 1951.<ref name="NZEncyc">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> They are thought to affect native New Zealand bird populations such as the tūī and kererū, sometimes raiding nests for eggs and nestlings,<ref name="NZEncyc" /> although studies by Waikato University have cast doubt on this,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and much blame on the magpie as a predator in the past has been anecdotal only.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Introductions also occurred in the Solomon Islands and Sri Lanka, although the species has failed to become established. It has become established in western Taveuni in Fiji, however.<ref name="Long81" />
BehaviourEdit
The Australian magpie is almost exclusively diurnal, although it may call into the night, like some other members of the Artamidae.<ref name="Kap25">Template:Harvnb</ref> Natural predators of magpies include various species of monitor lizard and the barking owl.<ref name="Kap512">Template:Harvnb</ref> Birds are often killed on roads or electrocuted by powerlines, or poisoned after killing and eating house sparrows, mice, rats or rabbits that have eaten poison bait.<ref name="Hig587">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Australian raven may take nestlings left unattended.<ref name="Kap51">Template:Harvnb</ref>
On the ground, the Australian magpie moves around by walking, and is the only member of the Artamidae to do so; woodswallows, butcherbirds and currawongs all tend to hop with legs parallel. The magpie has a short femur (thigh bone), and long lower leg below the knee, suited to walking rather than running, although birds can run in short bursts when hunting prey.<ref name="Kap1920">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The magpie is generally sedentary and territorial throughout its range, living in groups occupying a territory, or in flocks or fringe groups. A group may occupy and defend the same territory for many years.<ref name="Hig587" /> Much energy is spent defending a territory from intruders, particularly other magpies, and different behaviours are seen with different opponents. The sight of a raptor results in a rallying call by sentinel birds and subsequent coordinated mobbing of the intruder. Magpies place themselves either side of the bird of prey so that it will be attacked from behind should it strike a defender, and harass and drive the raptor to some distance beyond the territory.<ref name="Kap91">Template:Harvnb</ref> A group will use carolling as a signal to advertise ownership and warn off other magpies. In the negotiating display, the one or two dominant magpies parade along the border of the defended territory while the rest of the group stand back a little and look on. The leaders may fluff their feathers or caroll repeatedly. In a group strength display, employed if both the opposing and defending groups are of roughly equal numbers, all magpies will fly and form a row at the border of the territory.<ref name="Kap81">Template:Harvnb</ref> The defending group may also resort to an aerial display where the dominant magpies, or sometimes the whole group, swoop and dive while calling to warn an intruding magpie's group.<ref name="Kap82">Template:Harvnb</ref>
A wide variety of displays are seen, with aggressive behaviours outnumbering pro-social ones.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Crouching low and uttering quiet begging calls are common signs of submission.<ref name="Hig601">Template:Harvnb</ref> The manus flutter is a submissive display where a magpie will flutter the primary feathers in its wings.<ref name="Kap105">Template:Harvnb</ref> A magpie, particularly a juvenile, may also fall, roll over on its back and expose its underparts.<ref name="Kap105" /> Birds may fluff up their flank feathers as an aggressive display or preceding an attack.<ref name="Kap106">Template:Harvnb</ref> Young birds display various forms of play behaviour, either by themselves or in groups, with older birds often initiating the proceedings with juveniles. These may involve picking up, manipulating or tugging at various objects such as sticks, rocks or bits of wire, and handing them to other birds. A bird may pick up a feather or leaf and fly off with it, with other birds pursuing and attempting to bring down the leader by latching onto its tail feathers. Birds may jump on each other and even engage in mock fighting. Play may even take place with other species such as blue-faced honeyeaters and Australasian pipits.<ref name="Hig599">Template:Harvnb</ref>
A 2022 study showed cooperative behaviour, along with a moderate level of problem-solving, when magpies (G. tibicen) assisted one another to remove tracking devices placed on their bodies in a specially-designed harness by researchers for conservation purposes. This was the first recorded example of birds acting in this way to remove tracking devices, a form of rescue behaviour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
BreedingEdit
Magpies have a long breeding season which varies in different parts of the country; in northern parts of Australia they will breed between June and September, but not commence until August or September in cooler regions, and may continue until January in some alpine areas.<ref name="Kap48">Template:Harvnb</ref> The nest is a bowl-shaped structure made of sticks and lined with softer material such as grass and bark. Near human habitation, synthetic material may be incorporated.<ref name="Beru03">Template:Cite book</ref> Nests are built exclusively by females and generally placed high up in a tree fork, often in an exposed position.<ref name="Kap4951">Template:Harvnb</ref> The trees used are most commonly eucalypts, although a variety of other native trees as well as introduced pine, Crataegus, and elm have been recorded.<ref name="Hig609">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other bird species, such as the yellow-rumped thornbill (Acanthiza chrysorrhoa), willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys), southern whiteface (Aphelocephala leucopsis), and (less commonly) noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), often nest in the same tree as the magpie. The first two species may even locate their nest directly beneath a magpie nest, while the diminutive striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus) has been known to make a burrow for breeding into the base of the magpie nest itself. These incursions are all tolerated by the magpies.<ref name="Hig610">Template:Harvnb</ref> The channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae) is a notable brood parasite in eastern Australia; magpies will raise cuckoo young, which eventually outcompete the magpie nestlings.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Australian magpie produces a clutch of two to five light blue or greenish eggs, which are oval in shape and about Template:Convert.<ref name="Kap64">Template:Harvnb</ref> The chicks hatch synchronously around 20 days after incubation begins; like all passerines, the chicks are altricial—they are born pink, naked, and blind with large feet, a short broad beak and a bright red throat. Their eyes are fully open at around 10 days. Chicks develop fine downy feathers on their head, back and wings in the first week, and pinfeathers in the second week. The black and white colouration is noticeable from an early stage.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Nestlings are usually fed exclusively by the female, though the male magpie will feed his partner.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Individual males do feed nestlings and fledglings, to varying degrees, from sporadic to equal frequency to the female. The Australian magpie is known to engage in cooperative breeding, and helper birds will assist in feeding and raising young.<ref name="Hig595" /> This does vary from region to region, and with the size of the group—the behaviour is rare or non-existent in pairs or small groups.<ref name="Hig595" />
Juvenile magpies begin foraging on their own three weeks after leaving the nest, and mostly feeding themselves by six months old. Some birds continue begging for food until eight or nine months of age, but are usually ignored. Birds reach adult size by their first year.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The age at which young birds disperse varies across the country, and depends on the aggressiveness of the dominant adult of the corresponding sex; males are usually evicted at a younger age. Many leave at around a year old, but the age of departure may range from eight months to four years.<ref name="Hig596">Template:Harvnb</ref>
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Nest in a banksia tree
- Gymnorhina tibicen, nesting.JPG
Western magpie female (note scalloped back) collecting nesting material
FeedingEdit
The Australian magpie is omnivorous, eating various items located at or near ground level including invertebrates such as earthworms, millipedes, snails, spiders and scorpions as well as a wide variety of insects—cockroaches, ants, earwigs, beetles, cicadas, moths and caterpillars and other larvae. Insects, including large adult grasshoppers, may be seized mid-flight. Skinks, frogs, mice and other small animals as well as grain, tubers, figs and walnuts have also been noted as components of their diet.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It has even learnt to safely eat the poisonous cane toad by flipping it over and consuming the underparts.<ref name="SCU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Predominantly a ground feeder, the Australian magpie paces open areas methodically searching for insects and their larvae.<ref name="Kap234">Template:Harvnb</ref> One study showed birds were able to find scarab beetle larvae by sound or vibration.<ref name="Velt89">Template:Cite journal</ref> Birds use their bills to probe into the earth or otherwise overturn debris in search of food.<ref name="Hig589">Template:Harvnb</ref> Smaller prey are swallowed whole, although magpies rub off the stingers of bees, stinging ants and wasps and irritating hairs of caterpillars before swallowing.<ref name="Hig590">Template:Harvnb</ref>
- Australian Magpie feeding.jpg
A juvenile begs for food from its father.
- Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen tibicen) with Cicada (Church Point, NSW, 2017-12-27).png
With a cicada at Church Point
SwoopingEdit
Magpies are ubiquitous in urban areas all over Australia, and have become accustomed to people. A small percentage of birds become highly aggressive during breeding season from late August to late November – early December or occasionally late February to late April – early May, and will swoop and sometimes attack passersby. Attacks begin as the eggs hatch, increase in frequency and severity as the chicks grow, and tail off as the chicks leave the nest.<ref name="Jones4344">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Joneswildlifemanagement2008" />
Magpie attacks occur in most parts of Australia, though Tasmanian magpies are much less aggressive than their mainland counterparts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Magpie attacks can cause injuries, typically wounds to the head.<ref name="Jones52">Template:Harvnb</ref> Being unexpectedly swooped while cycling can result in loss of control of the bicycle, which may cause injury or even fatal accidents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Magpies may engage in an escalating series of behaviours to drive off intruders. Least threatening are alarm calls and distant swoops, where birds fly within several metres from behind and perch nearby. Next in intensity are close swoops, where a magpie will swoop in from behind or the side and audibly "snap" their beaks or even peck or bite at the face, neck, ears or eyes. More rarely, a bird may dive-bomb and strike the intruder's (usually a cyclist's) head with its chest. A magpie may rarely attack by landing on the ground in front of a person and lurching up and landing on the victim's chest and pecking at the face and eyes.<ref name="Jones48">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TargetsEdit
The percentage of magpies that swoop has been difficult to estimate but is less than 9%.<ref name="Jones37">Template:Harvnb</ref> Almost all attacking birds (around 99%) are male,<ref name="Jones38">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Joneswildlifemanagement2008">Template:Cite book</ref> and they are generally known to attack pedestrians at around Template:Convert from their nest, and cyclists at around Template:Convert.<ref name="Jones3940">Template:Harvnb</ref> There appears to be some specificity in choice of attack targets, with the majority of individuals specializing on either pedestrians or cyclists.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Younger people, lone people, and people travelling quickly (i.e., runners and cyclists) appear to be targeted most often by swooping magpies. Anecdotal evidence suggests that if a magpie sees a human trying to rescue a chick that has fallen from its nest, the bird will view this help as predation, and will become more aggressive to humans from then on.<ref name="Joneswildlifemanagement2008" /> Some attacks have indirectly been fatal. For example, in 2021, a Brisbane woman tripped and fell onto her infant while attempting to avoid a swooping, and the infant died.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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A territorial magpie swoops a cyclist.
- Magpie chasing Brown Goshawk (Immature).jpg
A magpie defending its territory from a brown goshawk
PreventionEdit
Magpies are a protected native species in Australia, so it is illegal to kill or harm them. However, some states provide exceptions for a magpie that attacks a human, allowing a particularly aggressive bird to be killed. Such a provision is made, for example, in section 54 of the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act.<ref name="NPWA1972">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> More commonly, an aggressive bird will be caught and relocated to an unpopulated area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Magpies have to be moved a considerable distance, as almost all are able to find their way home from distances of less than Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Removing the nest is of no use, as birds will breed again and possibly be more aggressive the second time around.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
If it is necessary to walk near the nest, wearing a broad-brimmed or legionnaire's hat or using an umbrella will deter attacking birds, but beanies and bicycle helmets are of little value, as birds attack the sides of the head and neck.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Magpies prefer to swoop at the back of the head; therefore, keeping the magpie in sight at all times can discourage the bird. A basic disguise such as sunglasses worn on the back of the head may fool the magpie as to where a person is looking. Eyes painted on hats or helmets will deter attacks on pedestrians but not cyclists.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Cyclists can deter attack by attaching a long pole with a flag to a bike,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and the use of cable ties on helmets has become common and appears to be effective.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Some claim that hand-feeding magpies can reduce the risk of swooping. Magpies will become accustomed to being fed by humans, and although they are wild, will return to the same place looking for handouts. The idea is that humans thereby appear less of a threat to the nesting birds. Although this has not been studied systematically, there are reports of its success.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
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Magpie swooping sign at Queanbeyan, NSW
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Cyclist wearing a helmet with "spikes" to ward off diving magpies
Cultural referencesEdit
The Australian magpie featured in aboriginal folklore around Australia. The Yindjibarndi people of the Pilbara in the northwest of the country used the bird as a signal for sunrise, awakening them with its call. They were also familiar with its highly territorial nature, and it features in a song in their Burndud, or songs of customs.<ref name="juluwarlu" /> It was a totem bird of the people of the Illawarra region south of Sydney.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Under the name piping shrike, the white-backed magpie was declared the official emblem of the Government of South Australia in 1901 by Governor Tennyson,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has featured on the South Australian flag since 1904.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The magpie is a commonly used emblem of sporting teams in Australia, and its brash, cocky attitude has been likened to the Australian psyche.<ref name="Jonesvii">Template:Harvnb</ref> Such teams tend to wear uniforms with black and white stripes. The Collingwood Football Club adopted the magpie from a visiting South Australian representative team in 1892.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Port Adelaide Magpies would likewise adopt the black and white colours and Magpie name in 1902.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other examples include Brisbane's Souths Logan Magpies<ref name="Jonesvii" /> and Sydney's Western Suburbs Magpies. Disputes over who has been the first club to adopt the magpie emblem have been heated at times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another club, Glenorchy Football Club of Tasmania, was forced to change uniform design when placed in the same league as another club (Claremont Magpies) with the same emblem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In New Zealand, the Hawke's Bay Rugby Union team, from Napier, New Zealand, is also known as the magpies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the best-known New Zealand poems is "The Magpies" by Denis Glover, with its refrain "Quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle", imitating the sound of the bird – and the popular New Zealand comic Footrot Flats features a magpie character by the name of Pew.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other magpies depicted in fiction include: Magpie in Colin Thiele's 1974 children's book Magpie Island,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Miss Magpie in The Adventures of Blinky Bill,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Penguin the magpie in Penguin Bloom.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The sculpture Big Swoop in central Canberra was installed in Garema Place on 16 March 2022.<ref name="The Canberra Times – 16 March 2022 – Celebrate Big Swoop's arrival in Garema Place on Saturday with free hot chips">Template:Cite news</ref> The Australian Magpie won the inaugural Australian Bird of the Year poll conducted by Guardian Australia and BirdLife Australia in late 2017. The Australian magpie won the 2017 contest with 19,926 votes (13.3%), narrowly ahead of the Australian white ibis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The magpie slumped to the #4 place in the 2019 poll,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and to the #9 place in the 2021 poll.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The voting rules changed in all three years of the Bird of the Year poll, which may have affected the results.<ref name="first dog voting rules 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The magpie also won a 2023 ABC Science poll for Australia's favourite animal sound.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
Explanatory notesEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
Works citedEdit
- Template:Cite encyclopedia Linked pdf is 118 MB and contains Vol. 5 pages 51–55; Vol. 7A pages 396–399, 579–629; plate 18
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External linksEdit
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- Audio – Various magpie recordings at the Freesound Project.
- Australian magpie videos, photos and audio from the Internet Bird Collection – via the Macaulay Library: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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