B of the Bang
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox artwork B of the Bang was a sculpture by Thomas Heatherwick next to the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester, England, United Kingdom, which was commissioned to mark the 2002 Commonwealth Games; at Template:Convert it was one of the tallest structures in Manchester and the tallest sculpture in the UK until the completion of Aspire in 2008. The sculpture took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie, in which he said that he started his races not merely at the "bang" of the starting pistol, but at "the B of the Bang".
The sculpture was commissioned in 2003; construction overran and the official unveiling was delayed until 12 January 2005. Six days before the launch, the sculpture suffered the first of three visible structural problems as the tip of one of the spikes detached and fell to the ground. Legal action to repair the sculpture was started by Manchester City Council a year later, resulting in an out-of-court settlement totalling £1.7 million.<ref name="bbc_legal_settlement" />
In February 2009, Manchester City Council announced that the sculpture would be dismantled and placed in storage.<ref name="bbc_takendown" /> Despite the promise of storage and potential reassembly, the core and legs of the sculpture were cut apart during removal. The core was sold for scrap in July 2012, with the 180 spikes reported to have been placed in storage for an undecided future use.<ref name="aj_byebye" /><ref name="east_lastlegs" /><ref name="BBC News Manchester" />
Design and statisticsEdit
B of the Bang originally stood Template:Convert tall<ref name="bbc_unveiled" /> with 180 hollow tapered steel columns or spikes radiating from a central core. It was angled at 30 degrees<ref name="bbc_arrives" /> and supported by five Template:Convert long, tapered steel legs<ref name="bbc_placed" /><ref name="officialsite" /> which connected to the spikes Template:Convert above the ground. The sculpture weighed 165 tonnes,<ref name="officialsite_faq_weight" /> with the concrete in the foundations weighing over 1,000 tonnes,<ref name="officialsite_engineering" /> including a Template:Convert reinforced concrete slab.<ref name="guardian_unveiled" /> The foundations were Template:Convert deep.<ref name="officialsite_engineering" />
The sculpture was made from the same weathering steel (also known as Cor-Ten) as the Angel of the North sculpture, which gradually develops a tightly adhering oxide layer as it is exposed to the elements. This layer inhibits further corrosion by reducing its permeability to water. As part of the design, the spikes swayed slightly in the wind<ref name="men_rusty" /> in order to withstand gusts in excess of Template:Convert.<ref name="officialsite_engineering" /> At the time of construction, a time capsule was placed in one of the spikes of the sculpture, containing children's poems and paintings, due to be opened circa 2300.<ref name="timecapsule" /> The location of the time capsule after dismantling is currently unknown.
B of the Bang was located next to the City of Manchester Stadium at Sportcity, in Beswick, at the corner of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road.<ref name="bbc_plans_approved" /><ref name="men_late" /> It took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie in which he said that he started his races not merely at the 'bang' of the starting pistol, but at 'The B of the Bang'.<ref name="bbc_placed" /> The artwork had been nicknamed KerPlunk by the locals after the popular children's game from the 1970s.<ref name="bbc_unveiled" />
Prior to the construction of Aspire at the University of Nottingham, B of the Bang was Britain's tallest sculpture at well over twice the height of the Angel of the North,<ref name="men_late" /> which stands at Template:Convert. It was designed to look like an exploding firework<ref name="bbc_unveiled" /> and was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa.<ref name="bbc_placed" /> It was commissioned by New East Manchester Limited to commemorate the 2002 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="bbc_arrives" /> The design was selected by a panel consisting of both local residents and art experts via a competition in 2002<ref name="men_rusty" /> and was designed by Thomas Heatherwick.<ref name="bbc_plans_approved" />
Construction and fundingEdit
The sculpture was constructed in Sheffield<ref name="bbc_arrives" /> by Thomas Heatherwick Studio, Packman Lucas, Flint and Neill and Westbury Structures.<ref name="bbc_legal" /> It was approved at the start of 2003,<ref name="bbc_plans_approved" /> with the central core arriving in Manchester on 13 June 2004.<ref name="bbc_arrives" /> This was the largest load that could be transferred via road from the factory, and required a police escort.<ref name="officialsite_engineering" /> This central core was lifted into place in August 2004, after which the 180 spikes could begin being attached. Early estimates had given an optimistic completion date of July 2003, which contributed to the sculpture gaining the nickname G of the Bang.<ref name="men_late" />
The official unveiling by Linford Christie took place on 12 January 2005.<ref name="bbc_unveiled" />
In total the sculpture cost £1.42 million to design and construct<ref name="guardian_unveiled" /> – twice the original estimate,<ref name="men_late" /> as the initial costing had neglected to include installation costs.<ref name="men_botch" /> Funding was sourced from a European Regional Development Fund contribution of £700,000, the North West Development Agency, contributing £500,000, and Manchester City Council providing £120,000.Template:Citation needed
Structural problems and legal actionEdit
The tip of one of the Template:Convert spikes detached and fell from the sculpture on 6 January 2005, only six days before the official unveiling.<ref name="bbc_fell_off" /> After inspection, the event went ahead as planned.
Four months later, in May 2005, a second spike had to be cut off by firefighters after it was discovered hanging loose.<ref name="bbc_freshscare" /> At that time the sculpture was closed off to the public, and the junction and pathway near the sculpture were temporarily closed. As a result, some of the joints were re-welded, with equipment put in place to prevent excessive movement.<ref name="bbc_safety" /> This consisted of retrofitting tip weights to 70% of the spikes' weights.<ref name="men_remedial" />
Despite these modifications, B of the Bang remained fenced off, prompting a local newspaper campaign to 'Get It Sorted'.<ref name="men_remedial" /> In May 2006 a total of nine spikes were removed from the sculpture and taken away for metallurgical analysis, to discover the stresses being placed on the steel.<ref name="bbc_spikesremoved" />
Weld defects were identified within the sculpture, which cracked when wind blew through it. Weights affixed to the tips to reduce vibrations did not solve the problem. Replacing the spikes with heavier steel was proposed, at a cost of £3.5 million, with a reduction of the size of the spikes that the council described as "unacceptable on aesthetic grounds". Another option would have been to replace the spikes with carbon/glass fibre composite, which would have cost around £3 million.<ref name="MEN_9Sep18" />
It was announced in October 2007 that Manchester City Council were taking legal action against the makers of the sculpture, with the aim of completing the necessary repairs to the sculpture.<ref name="bbc_legal" /> In November 2008, this culminated in an out-of-court settlement being reached between Manchester City Council, the project's designers Thomas Heatherwick Studio Ltd, and the engineering and construction subcontractors Packman Lucas Ltd, Flint and Neill Partnership and Westbury Structures Ltd. The agreement was to pay the council £1.7m in damages for breach of contract and negligence.<ref name="bbc_legal_settlement" />
DismantlingEdit
Acting on a report in January 2009,<ref name="ManchesterGovUKResolution" /> the city council recommended that B of the Bang should be dismantled and placed in storage until funds could be raised for its safe reinstatement.<ref name="Heatherwick’s Bang to be put into storage" /><ref name="times_landmarkrecycling" /> The report recognised the sculpture's aesthetic value for Manchester and Manchester City Council committed itself to working with the artist to reach a long-term solution. One possibility involved the replacement of the steel spikes with alternatives made from carbon fibre, although the report underlined the necessity for extensive testing.<ref name="bbc_save" />
In January 2009, Antony Gormley, creator of the Angel of the North—to which B of the Bang is often compared—spoke out in support of the sculpture, stating that, "It is a great tribute to Manchester that this ground-breaking work was commissioned. To allow it to disappear would be a loss not just of an inspirational artwork but also of the council's nerve."<ref name="bbc_agplea" />
Despite Gormley's plea, removal of B of the Bang began in April 2009.<ref name="BBCremoval" /> More substantial hoarding was erected around the site and demolition firm Connell Brothers Limited began removing the spikes with oxyacetylene cutting equipment.<ref name="east_sparks" />
Although the council had promised to store the complex central core and legs,<ref name="times_landmarkrecycling" /> these too were cut apart during removal,<ref name="east_lastlegs" /> casting doubt on future prospects for the landmark sculpture's return, and in early July 2012 the core was sold as scrap for £17,000.<ref name="BBC News Manchester" /> The spikes were reported to be in storage in a secret location in 2018.<ref name="MEN_9Sep18" />