Bacteriochlorophyll

Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria. They were discovered by C. B. van Niel in 1932.<ref>Template:Cite journal </ref> They are related to chlorophylls, which are the primary pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Organisms that contain bacteriochlorophyll conduct photosynthesis to sustain their energy requirements, but the process is anoxygenic and does not produce oxygen as a byproduct. They use wavelengths of light not absorbed by plants or cyanobacteria. Replacement of Template:Chem2 with protons gives bacteriophaeophytin (BPh), the phaeophytin form.

List of major bacteriochlorophylls

Pigment	Taxa	in vivo infrared absorption maximum (nm)
BChl a	Purple bacteria, Heliobacteria, Green Sulfur Bacteria, Chloroflexota, Chloracidobacterium thermophilum<ref name=Chloracidobacterium>Template:Citation</ref>	805, 830–890
BChl b	Purple bacteria	835–850, 1020–1040
BChl c	Green sulfur bacteria, Chloroflexota, C. thermophilum,<ref name=Chloracidobacterium/> C. tepidum	745–755
BChl d	Green sulfur bacteria	705–740
BChl e	Green sulfur bacteria	719–726
BChl f	(Discovered by mutation of BChl e synthesis by analogy to BChl c/d. Not evolutionarily favorable.)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	700–710
BChl g	Heliobacteria	670, 788

• Structures of major bacteriochlorophylls
• BacterioChlorophyll a.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll a

• BacterioChlorophyll b.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll b

• BacterioChlorophyll c.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll c

• BacterioChlorophyll d.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll d

• BacterioChlorophyll e.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll e

• Bacteriochlorophyll f.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll f

• BacterioChlorophyll g.svg

  bacteriochlorophyll g

Structure

File:Porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorins.png

Chemical structures comparing porphin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and isobacteriochlorin. Note relocation of C=C double bond between the two bacteriochlorin isomers. There are two π electrons (symbolized by π e⁻) for every double bond in the macrocycle.

Bacteriochlorophylls a, b, and g are bacteriochlorins, meaning their molecules have a bacteriochlorin macrocycle ring with two reduced pyrrole rings (B and D). Bacteriochlorophylls c, d, e, and f are chlorins, meaning their molecules have a chlorin macrocycle ring with one reduced pyrrole ring (D).<ref name="Structures" >Template:Cite book</ref>

Bacteriochlorophylls c to f occur in the form of closely related homologs with different alkyl groups attached to pyrrole rings B and C and are illustrated above in their simplest versions, esterified with the sesquiterpene alcohol farnesol.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most of the variation occurs in the 8 and 12 positions and can be attributed to methyltransferase variation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> BChl c_S is a term for 8-ethyl,12-methyl homolog of BChl c.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Bacteriochlorophyll g has a vinyl group in ring (A), at position 8.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Biosynthesis

File:Chlorophyllide a.svg

The common biosynthetic precursor for bacteriochlorophylls is chlorophyllide a

There are a large number of known bacteriochlorophylls<ref name=Structures /><ref name=Maqueo>Template:Cite journal</ref> but all have features in common since the biosynthetic pathway involves chlorophyllide a (Chlide a) as an intermediate.<ref name="Review" >Template:Cite journal</ref>

Chlorin-cored BChls (c to f) are produced by a series of enzymatic modifications on the sidechain of Chlide a, much like how Chl b, d, e are made. The bacteriochlorin-cored BChls a, b, g require a unique step to reduce the double bond between C7 and C8, which is performed by chlorophyllide a reductase (COR).<ref name=Maqueo/>

Isobacteriochlorins, in contrast, are biosynthesised from uroporphyrinogen III in a separate pathway that leads, for example, to siroheme, cofactor F₄₃₀ and cobalamin. The common intermediate is sirohydrochlorin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>