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Bahri Mamluks

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The members of the Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (mamluks) and manumitted, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in Cairo.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref> While several Bahri Mamluk sultans tried to establish hereditary dynasties through their sons, these attempts were ultimately unsuccessful, with the role of sultan often passing on to another powerful Mamluk.<ref name=":02" />

The Bahri Mamluks were of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin.<ref name=":02" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fourteen of eighteen sultans between 1279 and 1390 belonged to the Qalawunid lineage.<ref>Jo Van Steenbergen, "The Mamluk Sultanate as a military patronage state: Household politics and the case of the Qalāwūnid Bayt (1279-1382)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.2 (2013): 189–217.</ref> After 1382/1390, they were succeeded by a second Mamluk regime, the Burji Mamluks, who were largely of Circassian origin.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The name Bahri or Bahriyya means 'of the river', referring to the location of their original barracks on Roda Island in the Nile (Nahr al-Nil) in Cairo,Template:Efn at the citadel of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub.<ref>Template:Blist</ref>Template:Efn

HistoryEdit

Template:See also The Mamluks formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517 in Egypt, North Africa, and the Levant—Near East.

DevelopmentEdit

In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir al-Muazzam Turanshah, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the Atabeg (commander in chief) Emir Aybak and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257.<ref>Template:Blist</ref>Template:Efn

The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were indirectly helped by the Mongols' sack of Baghdad in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.Template:Citation needed

File:Maqamat of al-Hariri. Enthroned Prince. Probably Egypt 1334.jpg
Enthroned Prince. Probably Egypt 1334. Maqamat of al-Hariri.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "In the paintings the facial cast of these [ruling] Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the Turkic steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication and horsemanship of the Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in present-day Israel and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq.<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Taking of Aleppo's Castle by the Mongols and new events in the Levant.</ref> The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin.<ref>Shayyal, p. 123/vol.2</ref>Template:Efn Baibars, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz on the way home.<ref>Template:Blist</ref>Template:Efn

In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France, who was later definitely defeated, captured in the Battle of Fariskur and ransomed. Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt. In 1261, after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo,Template:Efn and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291.Template:Efn

Tatars and MongolsEdit

Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars.Template:Efn<ref name="Ibn Taghri/ vol.7">Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7</ref> He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan<ref>Template:Blist</ref> and sent the Abbasid Caliph with only 250 men to attempt to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch from the Crusaders.<ref>Template:Blist</ref>Template:Efn In addition, he fought the Seljuks,Template:Efn and Hashshashin; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia<ref name="Ibn Taghri/ vol.7" /> for the first time, before his death in 1277.

Sultan Qalawun defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280,<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 697H.</ref>Template:Efn and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs.<ref>Template:Blist</ref> After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli from the Crusaders in 1289.<ref>Template:Blist</ref> His son Khalil captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291.<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 690H</ref>

File:Golden Horde 1389.svg
Territory of the Golden Horde in 1389

The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299,<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 699H</ref> but were again defeated in 1303 in the Battle of Shaqhab.<ref>Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 702H</ref> The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde who converted to IslamTemplate:Efn and established a peace pact with the Mongols<ref name="Shayyal, p.187/vol.2">Shayyal, p. 187/vol. 2</ref> in 1322.

Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgarian, Indian, and Abyssinian potentates, as well as the pope, the king of Aragon and the king of France.<ref>Shayyal, pp. 187–188 /vol.2</ref> Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria with the Nile.<ref name="Shayyal, p.187/vol.2" /> He died in 1341.

DeclineEdit

The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death, which is said to have killed many inhabitants.<ref>Shayyal, p.194/vol.2</ref>Template:Efn

In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan Hajji II was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up an era where the sultanate was controlled by the Burji Mamluks.<ref>Al-Maqrizi, pp.140-142/vol.5</ref>

Military organizationEdit

On a general level, the military during the Bahri dynasty can be divided into several aspects:

  • Mamluks: The core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks (Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local Amirs).
  • Al-Halqa: These primarily free born professional forces were also directly under the sultan's command.
  • Wafidiyya: Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service; they were well regarded forces.
  • Other levies: Primarily Bedouin tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of Turkomans and other settled Arabs.

List of Bahri SultansEdit

Template:Further

Regnal name(s) Personal name Reign
lang}} Shajar al-Durr
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1250–1250
lang}} Izz-ad-Din Aybak
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1250–1257
lang}} Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1250–1252Template:Efn
lang}} Nur ad-Din Ali
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1257–1259
lang}} Sayf ad-Din Qutuz
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1259–1260
lang}}
Al-Zahir - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Al-Bunduqdari - {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		1260–1277
lang}} Muhammad Barakah Khan
محمد برکہ خان 		1277–1279
Sultan Al-Adil
سلطان العادل 		Badr-al-Din Solamish
بدر الدین سُلامش 		1279
Al-Mansur – المنصور
Al-Alfi - الالفی
As-Salehi - الصالحی 		Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun
سیف الدین قلاوون 		1279–1290
Sultan Al-Ashraf
سلطان الاشرف 		Salah-ad-Din Khalil
صلاح الدین خلیل 		1290–1293
Al-Nasir
الناصر 		Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
ناصر الدین محمد 		1293–1294
(first reign)
Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli
العادل الترکی المغلی 		Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha
زین الدین کتبغا 		1294–1297
Al-Mansur
المنصور 		Husam-ad-Din Lachin
حسام الدین لاچین 		1297–1299
Al-Nasir
الناصر 		Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
ناصر الدین محمد 		1299–1309
(Second reign)
Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir
سلطان المظفرالجاشنکیر 		Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II
رکن الدین بیبرس 		1309
Al-Nasir
الناصر 		Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
ناصر الدین محمد 		1309–1340
(Third reign)
Al-Mansur
المنصور 		Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr
سیف الدین أبو بکر 		1340–1341
Al-Ashraf
الأشرف 		Ala-ad-Din Kujuk
علاء الدین کجک 		1341–1342
Sultan Al-Nasir
سلطان الناصر 		Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
شھاب الدین أحمد 		1342
Sultan As-Saleh
سلطان الصالح 		Imad-ad-Din Ismail
عماد الدین إسماعیل 		1342–1345
Sultan Al-Kamil
سلطان الکامل 		Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I
سیف الدین شعبان اول 		1345–1346
Sultan Al-Muzaffar
سلطان المظفر 		Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I
سیف الدین حاجی اول 		1346–1347
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali
الناصر أبو المعالی 		Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan
بدر الدین الحسن 		1347–1351 (first reign)
Sultan As-Saleh
سلطان الصالح 		Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad
صلاح الدین بن محمد 		1351–1354
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din
الناصر أبو المعالی ناصر الدین 		Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan
بدر الدین الحسن 		1354–1361 (second reign)
Al-Mansur
المنصور 		Salah-ad-Din Muhammad
صلاح الدین محمد 		1361–1363
Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali
الأشرف أبو المعالی 		Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II
زین الدین شعبان ثانی 		1363–1376
Al-Mansur
المنصور 		Ala-ad-Din Ali
علاء الدین علی 		1376–1382
Sultan As-Saleh
سلطان الصالح 		Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی 		1382 (first reign)
Al-Zahir
الظاہر 		Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
سیف الدین برقوق 		1382–1389Template:Efn
Sultan As-Saleh
سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور 		Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی 		1389 (second reign)

Following As-Saleh, the Burji dynasty took over the Mamluk Sultanate under Sayf-ad-Din Barquq in 1389–90 C.E.

See alsoEdit

Template:History of the Turks pre-14th century Template:Sister project

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

Template:Refbegin

  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book
  • Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, Template:ISBN
  • Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895.
  • Ayalon, D.: The Mamluk Military Society. London, 1979.
  • Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
  • Idem in English: History of Egypt, by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
  • Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, Template:ISBN

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Turkic topics Template:Muslim dynasties in Mashriq region

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