Billy Bishop
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military person Air Marshal William Avery Bishop, Template:Postnominals (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) was a Canadian flying ace of the First World War. He was officially credited with 72 victories, making him the top Canadian and British Empire ace of the war, and also received a Victoria Cross. During the Second World War, Bishop was instrumental in setting up and promoting the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
Early lifeEdit
William Avery Bishop (commonly called Billy Bishop to distinguish him from his father) was born in Owen Sound, Ontario, on 8 February 1894, blond, blue-eyed, and weighing 11 pounds. He was the third of four children born to William Avery Bishop Sr. and Margaret Louisa (Green) Bishop. William Avery Bishop Sr. was a lawyer and graduate of Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario. He was the Registrar of Grey County and was appointed to the post after backing the winning Liberal Party candidate in the national elections of 1896.<ref name=McCaffery25>McCaffery 2002, p. 25</ref><ref name=kilduff17>Kilduff 2014, pp. 17-18</ref> He was consequential enough to be invited to a dinner for British dignitaries hosted by Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 46-47</ref>
Eldest brother Worth was ten years old when Billy arrived. His other brother, Kilbourn, was born in 1886, but died in 1893, the year before Billy's birth. Sister Louise, to whom Billy became very close, was born in 1895, a year after him.<ref name=kilduff17/><ref>A. Bishop 1965, p. 14</ref>
School daysEdit
Young Billy Bishop grew up in the inland port city of Owen Sound on Georgian Bay, touted to be "the next Liverpool".<ref>A. Bishop 1965, p. 12</ref> He was distinguished from the other children on several counts. He spoke with a slight lisp.<ref>A. Bishop 1965, p. 15</ref> Also, he was the only boy in town who attended classes at Miss Pearl's Dancing School with the local girls. Add to that, his mother sent him to school in suit and tie; his schoolboy classmates scorned his formal dress and damaged his garb. Then too, he did not care for team sports like lacrosse, football, and hockey, preferring solitary sports, such as riding, swimming, or billiards at the YMCA or local pool halls. Most especially, he became a marksman. His father gave him a .22 caliber rifle for Christmas, along with a promise of 25 cents for every squirrel the youth shot. The family orchard, which had been overrun by a destructive plague of squirrels, was soon free of the beasts as the young sniper mastered the one-shot kill. Some sources insist that the young hunter learned the art of deflection shooting, the knack of leading a moving target, at this time.<ref name=McCaffery25/><ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 18</ref>
Bishop attended Beech Street School (Dufferin Public School in 1910, now closed and home to M'Wikwedong Indigenous Friendship Centre) near his home and later at Owen Sound Collegiate Institute (at the 3rd Avenue East site and later at the now closed Strathcona Senior Public School).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Defending himself against teasing, Bishop earned the reputation of a fighter on the schoolyard, defending himself and others easily against bullies. Once, he fought seven boys, and won. And if he drew male antagonism, he had no problem attracting female company. He was slender and of average height, but undeniably handsome, with a firm jaw, full lips, and straight nose over a pencil moustache.<ref name=McCaffery26>McCaffery 2002, pp. 26-27</ref>
In the classroom, it was a different tale. Bishop was less successful at his studies; he would abandon any subject he could not easily master, and was often absent from class.<ref name=McCaffery26/>
In 1910, at the age of 16, after reading a newspaper article, Bishop built a glider out of cardboard, wooden crates, bedsheets, and twine, and made an attempt to fly off the roof of his three-story house. He was dug, unharmed, out of the wreckage by his sister Louise. After she helped him hide the wreckage, she insisted he owed her a favor, and insisted he date her girlfriend Margaret Burden.<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 19</ref>
The granddaughter of Timothy Eaton, the department store magnate, Margaret Burden had become friends with Louise Bishop during summer vacations to Owen Sound. Once she met Billy, they were smitten with one another, which greatly annoyed her parents.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 19-20</ref>
CollegeEdit
On his 17th birthday, 8 February 1911, Billy Bishop applied to the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario, where his brother Worth had graduated in 1903. Bishop placed 42nd of the 43 candidates admitted to the three-year school. He spent a hard first year during 1911 and 1912, struggling academically. He also suffered severe hazing from seniors; RMC regulations barred him from retaliatory fisticuffs. Then he was caught cheating on a year-end exam, and narrowly avoided expulsion. Too humiliated to return home for the summer, he stayed in Kingston and worked for Worth. Bishop was readmitted to the RMC as a second year student for the 1912–1913 term, though with an extra year's study added for him to graduate. That year, he raised his class standing to 23rd of 42 students.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 20-21</ref>
During the 1913–1914 term, Bishop's class standing sagged to 33rd of 34. On 28 August 1914, he returned to RMC as a senior. After 15 of Bishop's classmates left school to serve as officers in the burgeoning war, Bishop withdrew from the RMC on 30 September 1914 with the same intention. That same day, he was commissioned into a cavalry unit, the Mississauga Horse. He journeyed to Toronto to inform Margaret Burden of his decision before reporting for duty.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 21-23</ref>
First World WarEdit
Mud and manureEdit
When The Mississauga Horse shipped out for the war, Second Lieutenant Bishop was not with them; he was in hospital with pneumonia and allergies. After recovering, he was transferred to the 7th Canadian Mounted Rifles, a mounted infantry unit, then stationed in London, Ontario, in January 1915. Bishop was placed in charge of the regimental machine guns. Popular with the enlisted men, Bishop was nicknamed "Bish" and "Billy". He excelled on the firing range. As one of his subordinates remembered:<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 23</ref>
"Bish would just riddle a target that the rest of us could barely see. The instructors would keep putting it further back, until it was just a tiny black dot, and he'd shoot it to ribbons...he put every damn' bullet on target. He never missed."
Mishap continued to dog Bishop. On 6 April 1915, a horse he was riding reared and fell on him;<ref>Kilduff 2014, P. 24</ref> he was back riding a week later. At the end of the month, the bolt of a rifle he was firing blew back and whacked him on the cheekbone. Then he became so ill from an inoculation that he fell off his horse.<ref>McCaffery 2008, pp. 37-38</ref> It was during this time that Bishop slipped away to Ontario, and proposed marriage to Margaret Burden. She accepted, and they were engaged. He gave her his RMC ring as a symbol of his troth.<ref name=kilduff25>Kilduff 2014, p. 25</ref>
Bishop's unit left Canada for England on 6 June 1915 on board the requisitioned cattle ship Caledonia as part of a convoy. The voyage through rough seas was poor on food. Most of the 240 men and 600 horses on board were seasick. From time to time, the ship's crew chucked dead horses overboard. On 21 June, near Ireland, U-boats attacked the convoy. Three ships were sunk and 300 Canadians killed, but Bishop's ship arrived unscathed in Plymouth harbour on 23 June.<ref>McCaffery 2002, pp. 40–41.</ref>
The 7th Canadian Mounted Rifles were assigned to train at Shorncliffe Cavalry Camp in outmoded cavalry tactics. Living in tents, the Canadians suffered through sandstorms when it was dry; usually, though, they lived in a rainy swamp of mud and horse manure. Bishop spent more time in hospital in late July. Afterwards, during one especially mucky day, Bishop watched an aeroplane land in a nearby field. He remarked to his companion, "You don't get any mud or horseshit on you up there. If you died, it would be a clean death." Bishop decided to apply for a transfer.<ref>McCaffery 2002, pp. 41-43</ref>
Into the airEdit
On a jaunt to London, Bishop subsequently wrangled an appointment with the Royal Flying Corps recruitment officer, Lord Hugh Cecil. When Bishop was told it would be a year before he could train as a pilot, he accepted the immediate chance to become an aerial observer.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 26-27</ref> On 1 September, he reported to 21 (Training) Squadron at Netheravon in Wiltshire for elementary air instruction. The first aircraft he trained in was the Avro 504.<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 28</ref> Having taken a month for preliminary training, on 2 October 1915 Bishop transferred to gunnery training at Dover. By the end of October, Bishop was crossing the English Channel and flying his first missions in a combat zone, directing artillery fire. On 24 November, Bishop's pilot crashed their airplane upon landing back in England. Bishop suffered a bruised foot; the pilot was also only bruised. Three days later, Bishop took a check ride in a new aircraft. When he wrote home to Margaret describing this flight, he boasted of a 300 mph (400 km) dive in an aircraft that could not have exceeded half that. Such braggadocio characterized his correspondence with her.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 31-32</ref>
No. 21 Squadron was re-equipped with new Royal Aircraft Factory RE.7s.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 33-34</ref> On 15 January 1916, No. 21 Squadron began its transfer to France. By 23 January, as the squadron established itself at Boisdinghem, Bishop began a three-day illness.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 35-36</ref> He emerged from hospital to join his squadron in adjusting to the realities of the infant military science of aerial warfare. Until this time, fliers on both sides of the conflict had been fumbling their way towards mounting firearms on aircraft. When Bishop emerged from hospital, there were already reports of German Fokker Eindecker monoplanes that could fire a machine gun through their propeller arc without striking a blade. Aim the aircraft; aim the gun. As the deadly little Fokkers slowly multiplied on the front, they became feared by the Royal Flying Corps as the Fokker Scourge.<ref>Franks 2001, pp. viii-ix, 2-3</ref> In response, the RFC quit single plane patrols, mandating two escorts for every reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 36-37</ref> However, casualties were rare, and dismissed airily. One of Bishop's letters to his fiancée mentioned that the German fliers were chivalrous; the two sides exchanged dropped messages on the occasional casualty. Bishop wrote: "It is awfully nice to be on such good terms with one's enemies, and everyone here speaks very highly of all the German flyers. They seem to all be of a fine crowd."<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 37</ref>
Meanwhile, No. 21 Squadron RFC was discovering that their underpowered RE.7s could not take flight with a bomb load, and so failed as a bomber.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 38-39</ref> The awkward crew positioning also hindered its fighting ability, with the observer in front with a non-synchronized Lewis gun hemmed in by struts and bracing wires. The pilot was seated behind him, back under the upper wing.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 34, 42</ref>
The rest of Bishop's time as an observer was a string of mishaps. Weather aloft was arctic bitter. A three and a half hour flight on 9 February 1916 frostbit his cheek so severely it burst open and put him back under medical care. In March, he was injured in a vehicle collision. Then he was hit in the head by an aircraft cable; he spent two days unconscious. This was followed by an abscessed tooth. Once returned to duty, he whacked a knee against an aircraft's frame when his pilot pulled a hard landing.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 42-43</ref>
Bishop was then granted a three-week leave to England. As he strode down the gangplank at Folkestone on 2 May 1916, he stumbled and fell onto his sore knee. Three other soldiers behind him toppled over him to compound his injury. Resolved not to miss his holiday, Bishop limped through his leave. Just before he returned to France, he turned himself in to have his knee treated at the hospital at Bryanston Square. Once hospitalized, he was informed on 26 May that he would face a medical board to determine his further fitness for service. After Bishop awakened from a nap, he found a well-dressed elderly woman at his bedside. Lady St. Helier insisted she knew his father from a reception in Canada, and thus was a family friend. Lady St. Helier was widely known for both her wide circle of influential friends, and for her charitable tendencies. The latter attribute had brought her to the hospital. Now she used her influence to remove Bishop from hospital and install him as one of her guests in her four-story mansion, where he mingled with, and charmed, her influential social circle.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 43-46</ref>
After Bishop faced a medical board, he was sent back to Canada to recuperate on home leave.<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 46</ref> In four months of aerial combat, he had not fired his machine gun at the enemy.<ref>W. Bishop, 1967, p. 31</ref> However, he received local acclaim in Owen Sound for his service. Then too, the Burdens overcame their objections to Bishop's suit, and agreed to their daughter's official engagement. She was presented with an actual engagement ring.<ref>Kilduff 2014, p. 47</ref>
Aerial combatEdit
Bishop returned to England in September 1916, and, with the influence of St Helier,<ref>Greenhous 2002, p. 46.</ref> was accepted for training as a pilot at the Central Flying School at Upavon on Salisbury Plain. His first solo flight was in a Maurice Farman "Shorthorn".<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 42–45.</ref>
In November 1916 after receiving his wings, Bishop was attached to No. 37 Squadron RFC at RFC Stow Maries, Essex, flying the BE.2c. He was officially appointed to flying officer duties on 8 December 1916.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Bishop disliked flying at night over London, searching for German airships, and he soon requested a transfer to France.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 46.</ref>
On 17 March 1917, Bishop arrived at 60 Squadron at Filescamp Farm near Arras, where he flew the Nieuport 17 fighter.<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 47, 51.</ref> At that time, the average life expectancy of a new pilot in that sector was 11 days, and German aces were shooting down British aircraft 5 to 1.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 49.</ref> Bishop's first patrol on 22 March was less than successful. He had trouble controlling his run-down aircraft, was nearly shot down by anti-aircraft fire, and became separated from his group.<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 57–58.</ref> On 24 March, after crash-landing his aircraft during a practice flight in front of General John Higgins, Bishop was ordered to return to flight school at Upavon. Major Alan Scott, the new commander of 60 Squadron, convinced Higgins to let him stay until a replacement arrived.<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 60–61.</ref>
The next day, Bishop claimed his first victory when his was one of four Nieuports that engaged three Albatros D.III Scouts near St Leger.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 64.</ref> Bishop shot down and mortally wounded a Lieutenant Theiller, but his engine failed in the process.<ref group=note>Shores (1991) has 12-victory ace Theiller as being killed in battle against 70 Squadron Sopwiths on 24 March; therefore Bishop's claim does not match with known losses.</ref> Bishop landed in no man's land, Template:Convert from the German front line. After running to the Allied trenches, Bishop spent the night on the ground in a rainstorm.<ref name="McCaffery65">McCaffery 1988, p. 65.</ref> There Bishop wrote a letter home, starting, "I am writing this from a dugout 300 yards from our front line, after the most exciting adventure of my life."<ref name="McCaffery65"/> General Higgins personally congratulated Bishop and rescinded his order to return to flight school.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 66.</ref>
On 30 March 1917, Bishop was named a flight commander<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 67.</ref> with a temporary promotion to captain a few days later.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> On 31 March, he scored his second victory.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 68.</ref> Bishop, in addition to the usual patrols with his squadron comrades, soon flew many unofficial "lone-wolf" missions deep into enemy territory, with the blessing of Major Scott. As a result, his total of enemy aircraft shot down increased rapidly. On 8 April, he scored his fifth victory and became an ace.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 79.</ref> To celebrate, Bishop's mechanic painted the aircraft's nose blue, the mark of an ace. Former 60 Squadron member Captain Albert Ball, at that time the Empire's highest scoring ace, had had a red spinner fitted.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 81.</ref>
Bishop's no-holds-barred style of flying always had him "at the front of the pack," leading his pilots into battle over hostile territory. Bishop soon realized that this could eventually see him shot down; after one patrol, a mechanic counted 210 bullet holes in his aircraft.<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 95–96.</ref> His new method of using the surprise attack proved successful; he claimed 12 aircraft in April alone, winning the Military Cross for his participation in the Battle of Vimy Ridge.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 96.</ref> The successes of Bishop and his blue-nosed aircraft were noticed by the Germans, and they began referring to him as "Hell's Handmaiden". Ernst Udet called him "the greatest English scouting ace" and one Jasta had a bounty on his head.<ref>McCaffery 1988, p. 102.</ref>
On 30 April, Bishop survived an encounter with Jasta 11 and Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron.<ref>McCaffery 1988, pp. 104–106.</ref> In May, Bishop received the Distinguished Service Order for shooting down two aircraft while being attacked by four others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 2 June 1917, Bishop flew a solo mission behind enemy lines to attack a German-held aerodrome, where he claimed that he shot down three aircraft that were taking off to attack him and destroyed several more on the ground. For this feat, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), although it has been suggested that he may have embellished his success, most notably by historian, Brereton Greenhous, in his 2002 book The Making of Billy Bishop.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His VC (awarded 30 August 1917<ref name="Dieter p.">Template:Harvnb</ref>) was one of two awarded in violation of the warrant requiring witnesses (the other being the Unknown Soldier),<ref>Greenhous 2002, p. 13.</ref> and since the German records have been lost and the archived papers relating to the VC were lost as well, there is no way of confirming whether there were any witnesses. It seems to have been common practice at this time to allow Bishop to claim victories without requiring confirmation or verification from other witnesses.<ref>Shores et al. 1991, p. 76.</ref>
In July, 60 Squadron received new Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s, a faster and more powerful aircraft with better pilot visibility. In August 1917, Bishop passed the late Albert Ball in victories to become (temporarily) the highest scoring ace in the RFC and the third top ace of the war, behind only the Red Baron and René Fonck.<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 143.</ref>
At the end of August 1917, Bishop was appointed as the Chief Instructor at the School of Aerial Gunnery and given the temporary rank of major.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
Leave to CanadaEdit
Bishop returned home on leave to Canada in fall 1917, where he was acclaimed a hero and helped boost the morale of the Canadian public, who were growing tired of the war.<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 155.</ref> On 17 October 1917, Bishop married his longtime fiancée, Margaret Eaton Burden.<ref name="Review Yearbook page 201-203"/> After the wedding, he was assigned to the British War Mission in Washington, D.C. to help the Americans build an air force. While stationed there, he wrote his autobiography entitled Winged Warfare.<ref name="CAFOPA">McDonnell, Capt. Darach "The Flying Career of William Avery Bishop." gwpda.org, 23 April 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2009.</ref>
Return to EuropeEdit
Upon his return to England in April 1918, Bishop was promoted to major and given command of No. 85 Squadron, the "Flying Foxes".<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 167.</ref> This was a newly formed squadron, and Bishop was given the freedom to choose many of the pilots. The squadron was equipped with S.E.5a scout planes and left for Petit Synthe, France, on 22 May 1918.<ref>McCaffery 1960, pp. 178–179.</ref> On 27 May, after familiarizing himself with the area and the opposition, Bishop took a solo flight to the Front. He downed a German observation plane in his first combat since August 1917,<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 184.</ref> and followed with two more the next day.<ref name="McCaffery185">McCaffery 1960, p. 185.</ref> From 30 May to 1 June, Bishop downed six more aircraft, including German ace Paul Billik, bringing his score to 59 and reclaiming his top scoring ace title from James McCudden, who had claimed it while Bishop was in Canada,<ref name="McCaffery185"/> and he was now the leading Allied ace.<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 186.</ref>
The Government of Canada was becoming increasingly worried about the effect on morale if Bishop were to be killed, so on 18 June he was ordered to return to England to help organize the new Canadian Flying Corps.<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 192.</ref> Bishop was not pleased with the order coming so soon after his return to France. He wrote to his wife: "This is ever so annoying."<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 191.</ref> The order specified that he was to leave France by noon on 19 June. On that morning, Bishop decided to fly one last solo patrol. In just 15 minutes of combat, he added another five victories to his total. He claimed to have downed two Pfalz D.IIIa scout planes, caused another two to collide with each other, and shot down a German reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>McCaffery 1960, pp. 194–195.</ref>
On 5 August, Bishop was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and was given the post of "Officer Commanding-designate of the Canadian Air Force Section of the General Staff, Headquarters Overseas Military Forces of Canada."<ref name="CAFOPA"/> He was on board a ship returning from a reporting visit to Canada when news of the armistice arrived. Bishop was discharged from the Canadian Expeditionary Force on 31 December and returned to Canada.<ref name="CAFOPA"/>
By the end of the war, he had claimed some 72 air victories, including two balloons, 52 and two shared "destroyed" with 16 "out of control".<ref>Shores et al. 1991, pp. 77–78.</ref> Historians including Hugh Halliday and Brereton Greenhous (both of whom were official historians for the Royal Canadian Air Force) suggested that the actual total was far lower. Brereton Greenhous felt the actual total of enemy aircraft destroyed was only 27.<ref>Halliday, Hugh Valour Reconsidered: Inquiries into The Victoria Cross, p.145</ref>
Post-war careerEdit
After the war, Bishop toured the principal cities in the United States and lectured on aerial warfare. He established an importing firm, Interallied Aircraft Corporation,<ref>Special, "Court Decision May Bar British Planes From U. S.", Chicago Daily Tribune, Saturday 10 July 1920, Volume LXXIX, Number 165, page 1.</ref> and a short-lived passenger air service with fellow ace William Barker, but after legal and financial problems, and a serious crash, the partnership and company were dissolved.<ref name="CAFOPA"/> In 1921, Bishop and his family moved to Britain, where he had various business interests connected with flying. In 1928, he was the guest of honour at a gathering of German air aces in Berlin and was made an Honorary Member of the Association. In 1929 he became chairman of British Air Lines.<ref name="Review Yearbook page 201-203"/> However, the family's wealth was wiped out in the crash of 1929 and they had to move back to Canada, where he became vice-president of the McColl-Frontenac Oil Company.<ref name="CAFOPA"/>
Second World WarEdit
In January 1936, Bishop was appointed the first Canadian air vice-marshal. Shortly after the outbreak of war in 1939, he was promoted to the rank of air marshal in the Royal Canadian Air Force. In January 1940 he was appointed Director of Recruiting for the Royal Canadian Air Force.<ref name="Review Yearbook page 201-203"/> He was so successful in this role that many applicants had to be turned away.<ref>"Who's Who: William Bishop." firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 7 September 2008.</ref> Bishop created a system for training pilots across Canada and became instrumental in setting up and promoting the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, which trained over 167,000 airmen in Canada during the Second World War. In 1942, he appeared as himself in the film Captains of the Clouds, a Hollywood tribute to the RCAF.<ref name=Mackey>Mackey, Doug. "North Bay's Big Movie - Captains of the Clouds 1941." pastforward.ca, August 29, 2003.</ref>
By 1944 the stress of the war had taken a serious toll on Bishop's health, and he resigned his post in the RCAF to return to private enterprise in Montreal, Quebec, before retiring in 1952.<ref name="CAFOPA"/> His son later commented that he looked 70 years old on his 50th birthday in 1944. However, Bishop remained active in the aviation world, predicting the phenomenal growth of commercial aviation postwar. His efforts to bring some organization to the nascent field led to the formation of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Montreal. He wrote a second book at this time, Winged Peace, advocating international control of global air power.<ref>Bashow, Lieutenant-Colonel David. "The Incomparable Billy Bishop: The Man and the Myths." Template:Webarchive billybishop.net, 14 February 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</ref>
With the outbreak of the Korean War, Bishop again offered to return to his recruitment role, but he was in poor health and was politely refused by the RCAF. He died in his sleep on 11 September 1956, at the age of 62, while wintering in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref name="CAFOPA"/> His funeral service was held with full Air Force Honours in Toronto, Ontario. The body was cremated and the ashes interred in the family plot in Greenwood Cemetery, Owen Sound, Ontario. A memorial service for Air Marshal Bishop was held in St Paul's Church, Bristol, England, on 19 September 1956.<ref name="Review Yearbook page 201-203"/>
FamilyEdit
On 17 October 1917, at Timothy Eaton Memorial Church in Toronto he married Margaret Eaton Burden, his longtime fiancée and daughter of Mr C. E. Burden (a granddaughter of Timothy Eaton and sister of ace Henry John Burden). They had a son, William, and a daughter, Margaret.<ref name="Review Yearbook page 201-203"/>
Both of the Bishop children became aviators:
- William Arthur Christian Avery Bishop (1923 London, England – 2013 Toronto) was presented with his wings by his father during the Second World War; Arthur would go on to become a Spitfire pilot and served with No. 401 Squadron RCAF in 1944. After the war, he became a journalist, advertising executive, entrepreneur and author. He married Priscilla (Cilla) Jean Aylen and had two children (Diana and William)
- Margaret Marise (Jackie) Willis-O’Connor (1926 London – 2013 Ottawa) was a wireless radio operator during World War II, whom Bishop presented with a Wireless Sparks Badge in 1944.<ref>"Arthur Christian William Avery "Bish" Bishop." Template:Webarchive acesofww2.com. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</ref>
Honours and tributesEdit
Official citationsEdit
Bishop's decorations include the Victoria Cross, Distinguished Service Order & Bar, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, légion d'honneur and the Croix de Guerre with palm. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours List of 1 June 1944.<ref>"William Avery Bishop." Template:Webarchive Forces Canada. Retrieved 30 March 2010.</ref>
Victoria CrossEdit
The citation for his VC, published in The London Gazette on 11 August 1917, read:
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
For most conspicuous bravery, determination, and skill. Captain Bishop, who had been sent out to work independently, flew first of all to an enemy aerodrome; finding no machines about, he flew on to another aerodrome about three miles southeast, which was at least 12 miles the other side of the line. Seven machines, some with their engines running, were on the ground. He attacked these from about fifty feet, and a mechanic, who was starting one of the engines, was seen to fall. One of the machines got off the ground, but at a height of 60 feet, Captain Bishop fired 15 rounds into it at very close range, and it crashed to the ground. A second machine got off the ground, into which he fired 30 rounds at 150 yards range, and it fell into a tree. Two more machines then rose from the aerodrome. One of these he engaged at a height of 1,000 feet, emptying the rest of his drum of ammunition. This machine crashed 300 yards from the aerodrome, after which Captain Bishop emptied a whole drum into the fourth hostile machine, and then flew back to his station. Four hostile scouts were about 1,250 feet above him for about a mile of his return journey, but they would not attack. His machine was very badly shot about by machine gun fire from the ground.<ref>McCaffery 1960, pp. 153–154.</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Distinguished Flying CrossEdit
His citation for the Distinguished Flying Cross read:
A most successful and fearless fighter in the air, whose acts of outstanding bravery have already been recognised by the awards of the Victoria Cross, Distinguished Service Order, Bar to the Distinguished Service Order, and Military Cross. For the award of the Distinguished Flying Cross now conferred upon him he has rendered signally valuable services in personally destroying twenty-five enemy machines in twelve days—five of which he destroyed on the last day of his service at the front. The total number of machines destroyed by this distinguished officer is seventy-two, and his value as a moral factor to the Royal Air Force cannot be overestimated.<ref name= "DSM">"Distinguished Service Order Medal detail". Canadian Great War Project. Retrieved 30 March 2010.</ref>
Distinguished Service OrderEdit
His citation for the Distinguished Service Order read:
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. While in a single-seater he attacked three hostile machines, two of which he brought down, although in the meantime he was himself attacked by four other hostile machines. His courage and determination have set a fine example to others.<ref name= "DSM"/>
Distinguished Service Order BarEdit
His citation for the Distinguished Service Order bar read:
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when engaging hostile aircraft. His consistent dash and great fearlessness have set a magnificent example to the pilots of his squadron. He has destroyed no less than 45 hostile machines within the past 5 months, frequently attacking enemy formations single-handed, and on all occasions displaying a fighting spirit and determination to get to close quarter with his opponents which have earned the admiration of all in contact with him.<ref name= "DSM"/>
Other tributesEdit
Bishop also holds a number of non-military awards. In 1967, Bishop was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. Template:ISBN.</ref> An award is also named in honour of Bishop. The Air Force Association of Canada approved the establishment of a trophy to commemorate the late Air Marshal W.A. Bishop, VC, in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the legacy of excellence in Canadian aviation".<ref>Template:National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials</ref>
Billy Bishop's childhood home was re-purposed into the Billy Bishop Home and Museum in 1987. The museum is in Owen Sound, Ontario. The museum has exhibits on the family, Bishop himself and veterans. There is a permanent exhibit with information on Bishop at the Grey Roots Museum and Archives, just south of Owen Sound.Template:Citation needed
Bishop's life has also been the subject of a number of works in media. Billy Bishop Goes to War feature film and Canadian musical, written by John MacLachlan Gray in collaboration with the actor Eric Peterson in 1978.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Hero to Me: The Billy Bishop Story – WW1 Canadian flying Ace, a documentary depicting the story of "Billy" Bishop from the perspective of his granddaughter Diana, was produced for Global Television and TVO in 2003.Template:Citation needed
In addition to television and film, Bishop has also been featured on Canadian stamps. On 12 August 1994, Canada Post issued "Billy Bishop, Air Ace" as part of the Great Canadians series. The stamps were designed by Pierre Fontaine, based on illustrations by Bernard Leduc. The 43¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.<ref>"Canada Post stamp." Template:Webarchive Collections Canada. Retrieved 23 October 2012.</ref>
Several places also have honoured Bishop by bearing his namesake. Two airports in Ontario are named after Bishop. The airport in Owen Sound is officially named "Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport." Toronto's island airport was renamed Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport in 2009. Although Owen Sound's mayor questioned the change, the proposal was approved by the Toronto Port Authority on 10 November 2009. Having two airports in the province with similar names was a concern.<ref>"Not everyone happy that Toronto Island airport to be renamed after Billy Bishop."Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore The Canadian Press, 3 September 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</ref> Toronto's Pearson International Airport was originally named Bishop Field Toronto Airport Malton.<ref>"City sleuth." Toronto Star, 9 November 1981, p. A02.</ref><ref name="airport-naming">"Holiday May 22 to Honor King." Toronto Globe, 4 April 1939. p. 4.</ref>
Other forms in which Bishop is memorialized includes:
- "Billy Bishop Private" is a roadway on private land at Ottawa Airport, Ottawa, Ontario, where the "Billy Bishop Room" for visiting dignitaries also exists.Template:Citation needed
- "Billy Bishop Way" is a street near the Downsview Airport in Toronto, Ontario.Template:Citation needed
- "Billy Bishop Park" is a public park in Ottawa, created with the help of the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 638 (Kanata)<ref>Template:National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials</ref>
- "Mount Bishop", a Template:Convert mountain on the Alberta – British Columbia border.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- "Bishop Building", the 1st Canadian Air Division and the Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters in Winnipeg, Manitoba.Template:Citation needed
- "Billy Bishop Legion Branch 176" in Vancouver, British Columbia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- "CFB Borden Billy Bishop Centre", a hazardous materials training school at CFB Borden in Ontario.Template:Citation needed
- "Billy Bishop entrance" at Hamilton, Ontario's Memorial School.Template:Citation needed
- "Billy Bishop Hangar" at the Brampton, Ontario Flying Club.<ref>Ogilvie, Megan. "Island airport to be named after Billy Bishop." Toronto Star, 3 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</ref>
- 943 Air Marshal William Avery "Billy" Bishop VC, CB, DSO, & Bar, MC, DFC, ED (1894–1956) was added to the wall of honour at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Air Force Association of Canada's Air Marshal W. A. Bishop Memorial Trophy is one of the highest awards for aviation in Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Sqn 167 Air Marshal Bishop Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Cadets, Owen Sound, OntarioTemplate:Citation needed
- Bishop's former home in Ottawa, Ontario, constructed in 1905 in the Queen Anne Revival style, has been opened to the public in the annual Doors Open Ottawa showcase of buildings.<ref>"2012 Buildings: Diane A. Gagné Financial Services." Template:Webarchive Doors Open Ottawa. Retrieved 27 May 2012.</ref>
Legacy and later controversyEdit
Bishop's life was depicted in the 1978 Canadian play Billy Bishop Goes to War. It also led indirectly to a 1983 CBC Television documentary called The Kid Who Couldn't Miss, produced by the National Film Board of Canada.<ref>"The Kid Who Couldn't Miss." NFB.ca. Retrieved: 14 October 2011.</ref> The show, a "docudrama" combining known history for credibility with fictitious "mock interviews" with actors portraying Bishop and others, suggested that Bishop faked his famous attack on the German aerodrome.<ref>McCaffery 1960, p. 196.</ref> In one particularly contentious scene, his mechanic claims that the damage to his fighter was confined to a small circle in a non-critical area, implying that Bishop had landed his aircraft off-field, shot holes in it, and flown home with claims of combat damage.Template:Citation needed
In reality, his mechanic was his biggest supporter, and the scene was entirely fictitious.Template:Citation needed The mechanic insisted that Bishop had not fabricated the damage.Template:Citation needed Canadian authors Dan McCaffery and David Bashow also presented circumstantial evidence that Bishop did not fake the attack.Template:Citation needed
After years of controversy over Bishop's record, mainly because very few of his claimed victories were witnessed by anyone else or could be confirmed from the few surviving German records, the show led to an inquiry by the Canadian government in 1985. The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology discredited the documentary, saying it was an unfair and inaccurate portrayal of Bishop. There is some dispute about whether Bishop or Mick Mannock had the highest score of any British Empire First World War fighter ace.Template:Citation needed The Canadian Encyclopedia states: "Investigation by a Senate sub-committee exposed a number of minor errors in this apparent 'documentary' and confirmed that statements had been wrongly attributed and incidents shifted in time for dramatic effect. However, the senators were unable to demonstrate that Bishop's claims were valid, and consequently recommended only that the film be labelled as docu-drama".<ref name=cancyc>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Some of Bishop's other claims have also been challenged. While combat reports and claims of both sides are littered with well-intentioned errors and accidental duplicate claims, there are two phases of Bishop's life in which German records can provide no supporting evidence. In his book on Victoria Cross airmen of the First World War, author Alex Revell quotes aviation historian Philip Markham's view about German records of the events of 2 June 1917 (the day of Bishop's VC award): "Not a shred of evidence to support Bishop's claims." Referring to Bishop's claims in early to mid-1918, Revell says another aviation historian, Ed Ferko, carried out extensive research on Germans records in 1987. Revell says that Ferko failed "to match a single victory claim made by Bishop against a known German loss for the day, time or place in question." However, distinguished First World War aviation historian Peter Kilduff says in his biography (Billy Bishop VC: Lone Wolf Hunter) that Bishop may have had as many as 21 matches in piecemeal German records. Kilduff also makes a case for the unreliability of German records. He cites examples in which masses of data were destroyed by retreating German forces and instances of the German former air ministry having been guilty of "obfuscation" in denying losses when casualties had been incurred.<ref>Kilduff 2014, pp. 6, 7, 8.</ref>
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Baker, David. William Avery "Billy" Bishop: The Man and the Aircraft He Flew. London: The Outline Press, 1990. Template:ISBN.
- Barker, Ralph. The Royal Flying Corps in World War I. London: Constable and Robinson, 2002. Template:ISBN.
- Bashow, Lieutenant-Colonel David. "The Incomparable Billy Bishop: The Man and the Myths." Canadian Military Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, Autumn 2002, pp. 55–60. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- Bishop, William Avery. Winged Warfare London: Crécy Publishing, 1967 (originally published in 1918). Template:ISBN.
- Buzzell, Nora. The Register of the Victoria Cross Third Edition. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK: This England, 1997. Template:ISBN.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Franks, Norman. Sharks Among Minnows: Germany's First Fighter Pilots and the Fokker Eindecker Period, July 1915 to September 1916. London: Grub Street, 2001. Template:ISBN Template:ISBN
- Greenhous, Brereton. "Billy Bishop – Brave Flyer, Bold Liar." Canadian Military Journal Volume 3, Issue 3, Autumn 2002, pp. 61–64. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- Greenhous, Brereton. "The Making of Billy Bishop: The First World War Exploits of Billy Bishop, VC." Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 2002. Template:ISBN.
- Harvey, David. Monuments to Courage. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. Template:ISBN.
- Kilduff, Peter. Billy Bishop VC: Lone Wolf Hunter: The RAF Ace Re-examined. London:Grub Street, 2014. Template:ISBN
- McCaffrey, Dan. Billy Bishop: Canadian Hero. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Publishers, 1988. Template:ISBN.
- Shores, Norman, L.R. Franks and Russell Guest. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and the Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. London: Grub Street, 1991. Template:ISBN.
- Urwin, Gregory J.W. "The Man Without Fear: The Combat story of Lieutenant-Colonel William Avery Bishop." Air Classics, Vol. 15, No. 9, September 1979.
External linksEdit
- William Avery "Billy" Bishop
- Air Ace William "Billy" Bishop
- Air Marshal William Avery Bishop(biography & controversy discussion) Template:Webarchive
- Billy Bishop Heritage Museum (Birthplace & Childhood Home) Template:Webarchive
- Legion Magazine Article on Billy Bishop written by his son Arthur Bishop
- Ontario Historic Plaque
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- Template:Gutenberg author
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