Billycan

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A billycan is an Australian term for a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket<ref>Black, S. J. S. 2010 "Tried and Tested": community cookbooks in Australia, 1890–1980. Thesis (Ph.D.). University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Farrell, Michael 2010">Farrell, Michael. "Death Watch: Reading the Common Object of the Billycan in 'Waltzing MatildaTemplate:'". Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 10 (2010)</ref> commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a campfire<ref name="nma.gov.au">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or to carry water.<ref name="Farrell, Michael 2010"/> It is commonly known simply as a billy, or occasionally as a billy can (billy tin or billy pot in Canada).

UsageEdit

File:Billycan-campfire.jpg

A traditional billycan on a campfire

The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland.<ref>Sceilig: Information Pack for Troops Template:Webarchive (p. 4) and The Patrol goes to Camp (pp. 9, 11)</ref>

In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed.<ref name="nma.gov.au"/>

To boil the billy most often means to make tea. This expression dates from the Australian gold rushes and probably earlier.<ref>Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer (Vic. : 1851 - 1856) Tue 28 Sep 1852, page 2, EUREKA DIGGINGS</ref> "Billy Tea" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets.<ref name=waltzing>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Billies feature in many of Henry Lawson's stories and poems. Banjo Paterson's most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of Waltzing Matilda: "Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to "And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled ...".<ref name=waltzing />

EtymologyEdit

Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal billa (meaning water; cf. Billabong),<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> it is widely accepted that the term billycan is derived from bouilli can, the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving soup and bouilli and other foods. With the addition of a handle, the tins were re-purposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers<ref>Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), Friday 1 December 1916, page 9,ORIGIN OF 'BILLYCAN</ref> in the early 20th century support this view and David George Stead quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote "the term "billy can" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a "bouilli" can or tin.<ref>The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) Fri 13 Jun 1947, age 2, ORIGIN OF "BILLY"</ref>

The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Circular reference

The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of "an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot".<ref>Narrative Of A Voyage Round The World, T.B. Wilson RN, 1835</ref>

By the 1840s, soup and bouilli tin or bouilli tin was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Circular reference

The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial. A defendant is reported as saying "he put some bread on the table and the "billy" on the fire."<ref>The Hobart Town Advertiser (Tas. : 1839 - 1861), Fri 21 Jul 1848, Page 2,SUPREME COURT, CRIMINAL SITTINGS.</ref> Reminiscences by Heberley<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Davenport<ref>Sarah Davenport, Diary, 1841-1846 page 59 of 74</ref> place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later.<ref>Evening Post, Volume LVIII, Issue 81, 3 October 1899, Page 2, EARLY DAYS IN MAORILAND</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia: "near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy or tea-kettle".<ref>The Working Man's Handbook to South Australia, George Blakiston Wilkinson, 1849, page 79</ref>

From 1851 the gold rushes spur British emigration to Australia with many gold diggers writing letters home describing the journey to Australia and life on the goldfields and many writers mentioning their use of a "billy". From these it is known:

In 1853 soup and bouilli cans were converted to useful items on an emigrant ship.<ref>British Newspaper Archive, Dundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser - 9 August 1853, page 3, Extracts from the Diary of a Dundee Emigrant to Australia</ref>
"Billy - (this is what you call a tin-can, which is used very often at home for milking cows in, but which the diggers have christened Billy) - and a useful Billy he is: in it we make our tea and coffee".<ref>British Newspaper Archive, Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, 15 April 1854, page 4</ref>

By 1855 "tin billys" are no longer just repurposed bouilli tins but are being sold by a Melbourne importer<ref>The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Mon 28 May 1855</ref> and by 1859 are being manufactured in Australia with "Billys, all sizes" being sold at the Kyneton Tin and Zinc Works.<ref>The Kyneton Observer (Vic. : 1856 - 1900) Thu 14 Apr 1859</ref>

Whitely KingsEdit

Named for the secretary of the Pastoralists' Union of New South Wales, this was the swagman's contemptuous term for billycans improvised from a tin can and a length of wire as carried by inexperienced travellers. John Whiteley King (1857–1905) enticed hundreds of unemployed city men to the shearing sheds as a strike-busting strategy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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