Book of Jasher (biblical book)

The Book of Jasher (also spelled Jashar; Template:Langx Template:Transliteration), which means the Book of the Upright or the Book of the Just Man, is a lost book mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, often interpreted as a lost non-canonical book. Numerous forgeries purporting to be rediscovered copies of this lost book have been written. A different interpretation identifies it as a reference to the Pentateuch, specifically the Book of Genesis, an interpretation which is notably favored by the Jewish scholar Rashi in his commentary on the Hebrew Bible (see below his commentary on Joshua).

The title “Book of the Just Man” is the traditional Greek and Latin translation.

Biblical references

The book is mentioned twice in the Hebrew Bible. A possible third reference exists with a variant spelling.

In Joshua

According to the Book of Joshua, while Joshua was winning a battle against Adonizedek (king of Jerusalem) and his allies, Joshua prayed for the sun and moon to stand still.<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> Joshua 10:13 then states: Template:Poem quote

The presence of this event in a book of poetry has been interpreted as a poetic description of the prolonged battle.<ref>Template:Cite book 'The sun stood still.'</ref>

According to the medieval Jewish scholar Rashi, "Sefer HaYashar" in this verse refers to the Pentateuch: Jacob's prophecy regarding Joshua's ancestor Ephraim—"His seed will fill the nations"<ref>Genesis 48:19</ref>—was fulfilled when Joshua's victory gave him renown among the various nations who heard of the victory.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Samuel

According to the Book of Samuel, when David spoke his lament over the deaths of Saul and Jonathan, he began as follows:

To teach the sons of Judah Template:Grey the bow. Behold, it is written in the book of Jasher. {{#if:Template:Bibleverse |{{#if:|}}

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The King James Version of the English Bible includes the words “the use of” in italics, material which its translator(s) added in order to render the text into what they considered understandable and comfortable English. According to some other translations such as the English Standard Version “The Bow” (Template:Langx) which David taught is hypothesised as a poetic lament over the deaths of Saul and Jonathan.<ref name="Bible Crossway">Template:Cite book
ESV 2 Samuel 1:17-18 text reads: "And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and Jonathan his son, and he said it should be taught to the people of Judah; behold, it is written in the Book of Jashar. He said: …."
ESV 2 Samuel 1:18 footnote 1, at "he said it," reads: "Septuagint; Hebrew the Bow, which may be the name of the lament's tune."</ref> According to this interpretation, this “Bow” refers to a lament or a tune in the Book of Jashar which that book also says was taught to the Israelites.

The Septuagint translation renders Sefer haYashar in both cases as the ”Book of the Just”. It also misses the reference to “the bow”. It reads: Template:Poem quote

In Kings

A possible third reference appears in 1 Kings 8. In the Septuagint (though not in the Hebrew textTemplate:Which or most translations), verse 8:53 says that the preceding prayer of Solomon is written “in the book of song” ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). The Hebrew version of “book of song” could be {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which is the same as Sefer HaYashar with two letters transposed. According to Alexander Rofeh, this suggests that the name Sefer HaYashar could be related to its function as a hymnal, and the second word might have originally been {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "song") or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, “he will sing”).<ref name="Rofeh 13688">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

See also

• Book of Jasher (Pseudo-Jasher) – an 18th-century literary forgery which purports to be an English translation of the lost Book of Jasher
• Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
• Sefer haYashar (midrash) – a Hebrew midrash, also known as The Book of Jasher, named after the lost Book of Jasher
• Yehimilk inscription – uses the same or cognate word: YŠR, upright