Borvo
Template:Short description Borvo or Bormo (Gaulish: *Borwō, Bormō) was an ancient Celtic god of healing springs worshipped in Gaul and Gallaecia.<ref name="MacKillop">Template:Harvnb, s.v. Borvo.</ref>Template:Sfn He was sometimes identified with the Graeco-Roman god Apollo, although his cult had preserved a high degree of autonomy during the Roman period.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
NameEdit
Template:Sister project The Gaulish theonym Boruō means 'hot spring', 'warm source'. It stems from the Proto-Celtic verbal root *berw- ('boil, brew'; cf. Old Irish berbaid, Middle Welsh berwi), itself from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw- ('boil, brew'; cf. Latin ferueō 'to be intensely hot, boil', Sanskrit bhurváni 'agitated, wild').Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Bhearú river (River Barrow) in Ireland has also been linked to this Celtic root.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The variant Bormō could have emerged from a difference in suffixes or from dissimilation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Known derivates include Bormanicus (Caldas de Vizela), from an earlier *Borwānicos, and Bormanus or Borbanus (Aix-en-Diois, Aix-en-Provence), from an earlier *Borwānos.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A goddess named Boruoboendoa, perhaps reflecting the Gaulish theonym *Buruo-bouinduā or *Buruo-bō-uinduā, has also been found in Utrecht.Template:Sfn
The toponyms Bourbon-l'Archambault, Bourbon-Lancy, Bourbonne-les-Bains, Boulbon, Bormes, Bourbriac, La Bourboule and Worms are derived from Borvo or from its variant Bormo.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The names of various small rivers in France, such as Bourbouillon, Bourban, and Bourbière, also stem from the theonym.Template:Sfn
Centres of worshipEdit
In Gaul, he was particularly worshipped at Bourbonne-les-Bains, in the territory of the Lingones, where ten inscriptions are recorded. Two other inscriptions are recorded, one (CIL 13, 02901) from Entrains-sur-Nohain<ref name="CIL13">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 13: Tres Galliae et Germanae.</ref> and the other (CIL 12, 02443) from Aix-en-Savoie in Gallia Narbonensis.<ref>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 12: Gallia Narbonensis.</ref> Votive tablets inscribed ‘Borvo’ show that the offerers desired healing for themselves or others.<ref name="autogenerated1">Template:Cite book</ref> Many of the sites where offerings to Borvo have been found are in Gaul: inscriptions to him have been found in Drôme at Aix-en-Diois, Bouches-du-Rhône at Aix-en-Provence, Gers at Auch, Allier at Bourbon-l'Archambault, Savoie at Aix-les-Bains, Saône-et-Loire at Bourbon-Lancy, in Savoie at Aix-les-Bains, Haute-Marne at Bourbonne-les-Bains and in Nièvre at Entrains-sur-Nohain.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Findings have also been uncovered in the Netherlands at Utrecht,<ref>Garrett S. Olmsted, "The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans", page 427</ref> where he is called Boruoboendua Vabusoa Labbonus, and in Portugal at Vizela and at Idanha-a-Velha, where he is called Borus and identified with Mars.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> At Aix-en-Provence, he was referred to as Borbanus and Bormanus but at Vizela in Portugal, he was hailed as Bormanicus,<ref name="autogenerated2" /> and at Burtscheid and at Worms in Germany as Borbetomagus.
Divine entourageEdit
Borvo was frequently associated with a divine consort, usually Damona (Bourbonne, Bourbon-Lancy), but sometimes also Bormana when he was worshipped by the name Bormanus (Die, Aix-en-Diois).<ref name="MacKillop2">Template:Harvnb, s.v. Borvo.</ref>Template:Sfn Bormana was in some areas worshipped independently of her male counterpart, such as at Saint-Vulbas.<ref>Miranda Green. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London. 1997</ref>Template:Sfn
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Deo Apol/lini Borvoni / et Damonae / C(aius) Daminius / Ferox civis / Lingonus ex / voto{{#if:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 13: 05911. Bourbonne-les-Bains.|{{#if:|}}
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Bormano / et Borman[ae] / P(ublius) Sappinius / Eusebes v(otum) s(olvit) / l(ibens) m(erito){{#if:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 12: 01561. Boubon-Lancy.|{{#if:|}}
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Borvo bore similarities to the goddess Sirona, who was also a healing deity associated with mineral springs.<ref>Paul-Marie Duval. 1957-1993. Les dieux de la Gaule. Presses Universitaires de France / Éditions Payot. Paris.</ref> According to some scholars, Sirona may have been his mother.<ref name="MacKillop2" />
In other areas, Borvo's partner is the goddess Bormana. Bormana was, in some areas, worshipped independently of her male counterpart.<ref>Miranda Green. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London. 1997</ref> Gods like Borvo, and others, equated with Apollo, presided over healing springs, and they are usually associated with goddesses, as their husbands or sons.<ref name="autogenerated3">The Religion of the Ancient Celts: Chapter XII. River and Well Worship</ref> He is found in Drôme at Aix-en-Diois with Bormana and in Saône-et-Loire at Bourbon-Lancy and in Haute-Marne at Bourbonne-les-Bains with Damona but he is accompanied by the ‘candid spirit’ Candidus in Nièvre at Entrains-sur-Nohain.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> In the Netherlands at Utrecht as Boruoboendua Vabusoa Lobbonus, he is found in the company of a Celtic Hercules, Macusanus and Baldruus.<ref name="autogenerated2" />