Branta

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The black geese of the genus Branta are waterfowl belonging to the true geese and swans subfamily Anserinae. They occur in the northern coastal regions of the Palearctic and all over North America, migrating to more southerly coasts in winter, and as resident birds in the Hawaiian Islands. Alone in the Southern Hemisphere, a self-sustaining feral population derived from introduced Canada geese is also found in New Zealand.

The black geese derive their vernacular name for the prominent areas of black coloration found in all species. They can be distinguished from all other true geese by their legs and feet, which are black or very dark grey. Furthermore, they have black bills and large areas of black on the head and neck, with white (ochre in one species) markings that can be used to tell apart most species.<ref group="note">The nēnē, which is aberrant in many respects, has no white on the head or neck and fairly little black, being quite similar to the swan goose in the color pattern of these areas, and was thus formerly assigned to the monotypic genus Nesochen. The swan goose, a grey goose, also has a black bill, but its reddish-orange legs indicate its actual relationships.</ref> As with most geese, their undertail and uppertail coverts are white. They are also on average smaller than other geese, though some very large taxa are known, which rival the swan goose and the black-necked swan in size.

The Eurasian species of black geese have a more coastal distribution compared to the grey geese (genus Anser) which share the same general area of occurrence, not being found far inland even in winter (except for occasional stray birds or individuals escaped from captivity). This does not hold true for the American and Pacific species, in whose ranges grey geese are, for the most part, absent.

Taxonomy

The genus Branta was introduced by the Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name is a Latinised form of Old Norse Brandgás meaning burnt as in "burnt (black) goose".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The type species is the brant goose (Branta bernicla).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ottenburghs and colleagues published a study in 2016 that established the phylogenetic relationships between the species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clade

Species list

The genus contains six living species.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Two species have been described from subfossil remains found in the Hawaiian Islands, where they became extinct in prehistoric times:

• Template:ExtinctNēnē-nui or wood-walking goose, Branta hylobadistes (prehistoric)

Similar but hitherto undescribed remains are also known from Kauaʻi and Oʻahu.<ref name=OlsonJames1991>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• Template:ExtinctGiant Hawaii goose, Branta rhuax (prehistoric), formerly Geochen rhuax

The relationships of the enigmatic Geochen rhuax, formerly known only from parts of a single bird's skeleton damaged due to apparently dying in a lava flow, were long unresolved. After reexamination of the subfossil material and comparisons with other subfossil bones from the island of HawaiTemplate:Okinai assigned to the genus Branta, it was redescribed as Branta rhuax in 2013.<ref name="Olson2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> While a presumed relation between B. rhuax and the shelducks, proposed by Lester Short in 1970,<ref name=Short>Template:Cite journal</ref> has thus been refuted, bones of a shelduck-like bird have been found more recently on Kaua‘i.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Similarly, two bones found on Oʻahu indicate the erstwhile presence of a gigantic waterfowl on this island. Its relationships relative to this genus and the moa-nalos, enormous goose-like dabbling ducks, are completely undeterminable at present.<ref name=OlsonJames1991/>

Early fossil record

Several fossil species of Branta have been described. Since the true geese are hardly distinguishable by anatomical features, the allocation of these to this genus is somewhat uncertain.

• Branta woolfendeni Bickart 1990 (Late Miocene of Arizona, USA)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Branta thessaliensis Boev & Koufos, 2006 (Late Miocene of Perivolaki, Greece)
• Branta dickeyi Miller 1924 (Late Pliocene – Late Pleistocene of W USA)<ref name=Short/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Miller44>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Short96>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Branta esmeralda Burt 1929 (Early Pliocene of Nevada, USA)<ref name=Miller44/><ref name=Short96/><ref name=mudflatprints>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Branta howardae Miller 1930 (Early Pliocene of California, USA)<ref name=Short96/><ref name=mudflatprints/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Branta propinqua Shufeldt 1892 (Middle Pleistocene of Fossil Lake, Oregon, USA)<ref name=Short/><ref name=Short96/>
• Branta hypsibata (Cope) 1878 (Middle Pleistocene of Fossil Lake, Oregon, USA)<ref name=Short/><ref name=Miller44/><ref name=Short96/>

The former "Branta" minuscula is now placed with the prehistoric American shelducks, Anabernicula.<ref name=Short96/> On the other hand, a goose fossil from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of El Salvador is highly similar to Anser and given its age and biogeography it is likely to belong to that genus or Branta.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Further reading

• Template:Cite book