Breathy voice
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Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (not actually a fricative consonant, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English {{#invoke:IPA|main}} between vowels, such as in the word behind, for some speakers.
In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages like Sanskrit and Hindi and comparative Indo-European studies, breathy consonants are often called voiced aspirated, as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted bh, dh, ḍh, jh, and gh and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phonemes bʰ,dʰ,ǵʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ. Template:Cn span, as breathy voice is a different type of phonation from aspiration. However, breathy and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages, like Greek and some varieties of Chinese, breathy stops have developed into aspirated stops.
Classification and terminologyEdit
Template:Cn span The IPA uses the term "breathy voice", but VoQS uses the term "whispery voice". Both accept the term "murmur", popularised by Ladefoged.<ref>Trask (1996) "breathy voice", "murmur", "whispery voice", in A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology.</ref>
TranscriptionEdit
A stop with breathy release or a breathy nasal is transcribed in the IPA as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} etc. or as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} etc. Breathy vowels are most often written {{#invoke:IPA|main}} etc. Indication of breathy voice by using subscript diaeresis was approved in or before June 1976 by members of the council of International Phonetic Association.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In VoQS, the notation {{#invoke:IPA|main}}} is used for whispery voice (or murmur), and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}} is used for breathy voice. Some authors, such as Laver, suggest the alternative transcription Template:Angbr IPA (rather than IPA Template:Angbr IPA) as the correct analysis of Gujarati {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but it could be confused with the replacement of modal voicing in voiced segments with whispered phonation, conventionally transcribed with the diacritic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 354</ref>
Methods of productionEdit
The distinction between the latter two of these realizations, vocal folds somewhat separated along their length (breathy voice) and vocal folds together with the arytenoids making an opening (whispery voice), is phonetically relevant in White Hmong (Hmong Daw).<ref>Fulop & Golston (2008), Breathy and whispery voicing in White Hmong, http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~chrisg/index_files/FulopGolston2009.pdf. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</ref>
Phonological propertyEdit
In some Bantu languages, historically breathy stops have been phonetically devoiced,<ref>Traill, Anthony, James S. M. Khumalo and Paul Fridjhon (1987). Depressing facts about Zulu. African Studies 46: 255–274.</ref> but the four-way contrast in the system has been retained. Template:Cn span
In Portuguese, vowels after the stressed syllable can be pronounced with breathy voice.<ref name="Callou">Template:Cite book</ref>
Gujarati is unusual in contrasting breathy vowels and consonants: Template:Wt {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'twelve', Template:Wt {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'outside', Template:Wt {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'burden'.<ref>Template:SOWL</ref>Template:Page needed
Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan makes the following rare distinctions : {{#invoke:IPA|main}} fall, land (of a bird etc.); {{#invoke:IPA|main}} walk; {{#invoke:IPA|main}} herb species; and /n|ʱoaᵑ/ greedy person; /n|oaʱᵑ/ cat.<ref>Dickens, Patick (1994) English–Juǀʼhoan Juǀʼhoan–English dictionary Template:ISBN, 9783927620551</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Aspirated consonant
- Creaky voice
- Guttural
- Index of phonetics articles
- Slack voice
- Voiced glottal fricative
- Whispering