Brown fur seal
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The brown fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), also known as the Cape fur seal, and Afro-Australian fur seal, is a species of fur seal.
DescriptionEdit
The brown fur seal is the largest and most robust member of the fur seals. It has a large and broad head with a pointed snout that may be flat or turned up slightly.<ref name="Audubon">Template:Cite book</ref> They have external ear flaps (pinnae) and their whiskers (vibrissae) are long, possibly growing back past the pinnae, especially in adult males. The fore-flippers are covered with sparse hairs over about three-quarters of their length. The hind-flippers are short relative to the large body, with short, fleshy tips on the digits.<ref name="Audubon"/> The size and weight of the brown fur seal depends on the subspecies; the Southern African subspecies is, on average, slightly larger than the Australian subspecies. Males of the African subspecies (A. p. pusillus) are Template:Convert in length on average and weigh Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Females are smaller, averaging Template:Convert in length and typically weighing Template:Convert.<ref name="King1983">Template:Cite book</ref> Males of the Australian subspecies (A. p. doriferus) are Template:Convert in length and weigh Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Females are Template:Convert length and weigh Template:Convert.<ref name=King1983/>
Adult male brown fur seals are dark gray to brown, with a darker mane of short, coarse hairs and a lighter belly, while adult females are light brown to gray, with a light throat and darker back and belly. The fore-flippers of the fur seal are dark brown to black.<ref name="Audubon"/> Pups are born black, molting to gray with a pale throat within 3–5 months.<ref name="Audubon"/> The skull of the African subspecies has a larger crest between the mastoid process and the jugular process of the exoccipital.<ref name=King1983/>
- Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) male Bruny 2.jpg
Male A. p. doriferus
- Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) female Bruny 2.jpg
Female A. p. doriferus
- Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) juvenile Bruny.jpg
Juvenile A. p. doriferus
EcologyEdit
The African fur seal inhabits the southern and southwestern coast of Africa, from Cape Cross, Namibia to around the Cape of Good Hope and from Black Rocks, near Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape province.<ref name="Audubon"/> The Australian fur seal lives in the Bass Strait, on four islands off Victoria (southeastern Australia), and five islands off Tasmania.<ref name="Audubon"/> Brown fur seals prefer to haul-out and breed on rocky outcrops and small islands, rock ledges and exposed reefs, as well as on rocky, pebble or boulder beaches. However, some larger colonies can be found on sandy beaches, such as in South Africa.<ref name="Audubon"/> Fur seals spend most of the year at-sea, but are never too far from land. They have been recorded 160 km from land, but this is not common.<ref name=King1983/>
The African fur seal's diet is made of up to 70% fish, 20% squid, and 2% crab.<ref name="Schilemann1990">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Also eaten are other crustaceans, cephalopods and sometimes seabirds.<ref name=King1983/><ref name=Schilemann1990/> In rare instances, they have even been documented attacking and eating sharks. A recent incident occurred off Cape Point, South Africa, where a large male was observed attacking and killing five blue sharks between 1.0 and 1.4 m long. Observers concluded that the seal likely killed the sharks to eat the fish-rich contents of their stomachs, as well as their livers, as a source of energy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Australian fur seal mostly eats squid, octopus, fish, and lobsters.<ref name=King1983/><ref name=Schilemann1990/> The brown fur seal dives for its food. The African subspecies can dive as deep as 204 m (669') for as long as 7.5 minutes.<ref name="Reidman1990">Template:Cite book</ref> The Australian subspecies generally feeds at lower depths, diving an average of 120 m<ref name=Schilemann1990/> (394'), and going as deep as 200 m (656').<ref name=Reidman1990/>
The brown fur seal's main predators are the great white shark, and orcas (killer whales), as well as occasionally vagrant southern elephant seals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> African land-based predators, primarily of pups, include black-backed jackals, brown hyenas and occasionally lions<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> on the Skeleton Coast in Namibia. In addition, seagulls and other seabirds are thought to peck the eyes out of baby seals, especially sick or injured individuals, to render them helpless and disabled, as they begin to feast on their flesh.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In False Bay, the seals employ a number of defensive strategies while in shark-infested waters, such as:
- Swimming in large groups, and harassing sharks in the vicinity.
- Low porpoising, to increase subsurface vigilance.
- Darting in different directions, to cause confusion when attacked.
- Using their agility to stay out-of-reach.
- Swimming near the dorsal fin to stay clear of the shark's jaws, when pursued.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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BehaviourEdit
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Acoustic behaviorEdit
Australian fur seals are social animals that use vocalizations in a broad range of contexts. These vocalizations have been shown to contain individually unique properties important for enabling individual recognition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This is particularly important for the reunion of mothers and pups that experience repeated separations whilst mothers are out at sea foraging, sometimes for days at a time. Upon their return, mothers need to locate their pups.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This reunion process may also be facilitated through a combination of smell and spatial cues.
In males, increases in testosterone and calling rates are seen in conjunction with the onset of the breeding season.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Males can also differentiate neighboring males from stranger males, responding more aggressively to the vocalizations of strangers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This difference in response is suspected because the threat posed by a stranger is unknown and potentially greater than their neighbor, which they would have previously encountered while establishing their territories.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Breeding behaviourEdit
Brown fur seals often gather into colonies on rookeries in numbers ranging from 500 to 1500, at least for the Australian subspecies.<ref name=King1983/> While fur seals spend most of the year at sea, they never fully evacuate the rookeries, as mothers and pups return to them throughout the year. No dispersal from a colony is established, although some fur seals from one colony have been found at another. True boundaries do not exist between the colonies. When at sea, they travel in small feeding groups. Brown fur seals begin to breed in the middle of October, when males haul out on shore to establish territories though display, vocalisations, sparring, and sometimes actual combat.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They fast at this time and do not eat until after mating in November or December. When the females arrive, they fight among themselves for territories in which to give birth. Female territories are smaller than those of males and are always located within them. Females within a male's territory can be considered part of his harem. However, males do not herd the females, which are free to choose their mates and judge them based on the value of their territories. For the Australian fur seals, 82% of copulations are performed by males whose territories are located directly at the water's edge.<ref name=Reidman1990/> Copulation between the male and his females begins 6 days after they give birth to their pups conceived from the previous year. However, a delay occurs in the implantation of the blastocyst, which lasts 4 months in the African subspecies and 3 months in the Australian subspecies.<ref name=Reidman1990/> Gestation for the brown fur seal typically lasts a year less a few days.<ref name=Reidman1990/>
After mating, females begin alternating brief periods of foraging at sea with several days ashore nursing their pups.<ref name="Audubon"/> Foraging trips last about 7 days in winter and about 4 days in summer and autumn. When a mother returns from sea to feed her pup, she emits a loud call which attracts all the nearby pups, but she only responds to her pup. She possibly can recognize her pup by smell.<ref name=Reidman1990/> When left alone, pups gather in groups and play during the evening.<ref name=King1983/> Pups are usually weaned at 4–6 months old.<ref name="Audubon"/>
Human interactionsEdit
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This species is an inquisitive and friendly animal when in the water, and often accompanies scuba divers. They swim around divers for periods of several minutes at a time, even at a depth of 60 m. On land, they are far less relaxed and tend to panic when humans come near them.
Australian fur seals were hunted intensively between 1798 and 1825 for commercial reasons. Seal hunting stopped in Australia in 1923, and their population is still recovering, causing increasing friction with South Australian fishermen as their range expands.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Breeding and haul-out sites are protected by law. South African fur seals have a very robust and healthy population. Harvesting of seals was outlawed in South Africa in 1990.
Brown fur seals are still harvested in Namibia. Permits are issued for the killing of pups for their luxurious fur and adult males for their genitalia, which are considered an aphrodisiac in some countries. It is also considered necessary to limit seal numbers in Namibia because of the supposed effect seals have on the country's fish harvest. Research by environmental groups disputes this.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Unexplained aggressionEdit
In January 2023, media reports indicated that seals have been attacking humans in South Africa, particularly in Cape Town area. Scientists believed it was due to the presence of a brain-altering poison in the fish they consume. The poison affects their behaviour making them more aggressive towards humans. Some attribute the aggressive behaviour to the surge of toxic red tide algae, fuelled by pollution and climate change. The incidents have increased in recent times, leading to concern and calls for further investigation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
In July 2024, it was confirmed that 17 seals along a 650-km stretch of coastline between Cape Town and Plettenberg Bay tested positive for rabies, and that could be the cause of the attacking behaviour in fur seals.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The hypothesis is the rabies was acquired from black-backed jackals who prey on the seals; rabies is endemic among southern African jackals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Threat by marine debris and industryEdit
A 2021 study published in The Marine Pollution Bulletin found that the Brown fur seal colonies in Namibia are vulnerable to extensive entanglement in marine debris as a result of extensive pollution in the oceans.<ref name="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">Template:Cite journal</ref> The study overall found that juveniles are more prone to become entangled in marine debris, and that 53% of all entanglements discovered were caused by fishing line.<ref name="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> Another study by the University of Stirling conducted a similar study on marine pollution and found an almost identical percentage, 52%, of entanglements of brown fur seals were caused by fishing debris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ocean Conservation Namibia, a local animal conservation group based in Walvis Bay, was formed specifically by volunteers who capture entangled seals and free them from entanglement discarded by ships and fishing industries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The organization monitors the coast regularly but their founder, Naude Dreyer, told reporters of drastically declining numbers of seals as pollution continues to increase.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>