Buda

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Buda in the Middle Ages (Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493)

Buda ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Langx)<ref>Template:Lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl, Czech and Template:Langx, Template:Langx</ref> is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the western bank of the Danube. Historically, “Buda” referred only to the royal walled city on Castle Hill (Template:Langx), which was constructed by Béla IV between 1247 and 1249 and subsequently served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1361 to 1873. In 1873, Buda was administratively unified with Pest and Óbuda to form modern Budapest.

Royal Buda is called the Várnegyed (Template:Literal translation) today, while “Buda” pars pro toto denotes Budapest’s I., II., III., XI., XII. and XXII. districts. This colloquial definition thus includes medieval Óbuda and amounts to a third of the city’s total area, much of it forested. Buda's landmarks include the Royal Palace, Matthias Church, the Citadella, Gellért Baths, the Buda Hills, the Carmelite Monastery of Buda, and the residence of the President of Hungary, Sándor Palace.

EtymologyEdit

According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name "Buda" comes from the name of Bleda (Template:Langx), brother of Hunnic ruler Attila.<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Attila went in the city of Sicambria in Pannonia, where he killed Buda, his brother, and he threw his corpse into the Danube. For while Attila was in the west, his brother crossed the boundaries in his reign, because he named Sicambria after his own name Buda's Castle. And though King Attila forbade the Huns and the other peoples to call that city Buda's Castle, but he called it Attila's Capital, the Germans who were terrified by the prohibition named the city as Eccylburg, which means Attila Castle, however, the Hungarians did not care about the ban and call it Óbuda [Old Buda] and call it to this day.{{#if:Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum<ref>Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm</ref>|{{#if:|}}
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The Scythians are certainly an ancient people and the strength of Scythia lies in the east, as we said above. And the first king of Scythia was Magog, son of Japhet, and his people were called Magyars [Hungarians] after their King Magog, from whose royal line the most renowned and mighty King Attila descended, who, in the 451st year of Our Lord’s birth, coming down from Scythia, entered Pannonia with a mighty force and, putting the Romans to flight, took the realm and made a royal residence for himself beside the Danube above the hot springs, and he ordered all the old buildings that he found there to be restored and he built them in a circular and very strong wall that in the Hungarian language is now called Budavár [Buda Castle] and by the Germans Etzelburg [Attila Castle]{{#if:Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum<ref>Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf</ref>|{{#if:|}}
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DemographicsEdit

File:Flag of Buda (pre-1873).svg

Flag of Buda before 1873.<ref name="symbols">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Buda város címere 1703.JPG

Historical coat of arms of Buda, used between 1703 and 1873.<ref name="symbols" />

The Buda fortress and palace were built by King Béla IV of Hungary in 1247, and were the nucleus around which the town of Buda was built, which soon gained great importance, and became in 1361 the capital of Hungary.<ref>{{#if: |

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While Pest was mostly Hungarian in the 15th century, Buda had a German majority;<ref name=Pallas>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> however according to the Hungarian Royal Treasury, it had a Hungarian majority with a sizeable German minority in 1495.<ref>Károly Kocsis (DSc, University of Miskolc) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, Budapest University) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.; Template:ISBN, CD Atlas</ref> In 1432, Bertrandon de la Broquière wrote that Buda "is governed by Germans, as well in respect to police as commerce, and what regards the different professions". He noted a significant Jewish population in the city, proficient in French, many of whom were descendants of Jews previously expelled from France.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Buda became part of Ottoman-ruled central Hungary from 1541 to 1686. It was the capital of the province of Budin during the Ottoman era. By the middle of the seventeenth century Buda had become majority Muslim, largely resulting from an influx of Balkan Muslims.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed European campaign was started to enter Buda, which was formerly the capital of medieval Hungary. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, French, Croat, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen, and officers, the Christian forces reconquered Buda (see Siege of Buda).

After the reconquest of Buda, bourgeoisie from different parts of southern Germany moved into the almost deserted city. Germans — also clinging to their language — partly crowded out, partly assimilated the Hungarians and Serbians they had found here.<ref name=Pallas/> As the rural population moved into Buda, in the 19th century Hungarians slowly became the majority there.

Notable residentsEdit

File:Hans Krell - Portrait of King Louis II of Hungary (c.1526).jpg

Portrait of King Louis II of Hungary ca.1526

Andrew III of Hungary, (ca.1265–1301) King of Hungary and Croatia, 1290 to 1301, buried in the Greyfriars' Church, a Franciscan church in Buda
Jadwiga of Poland, (ca.1373–1399), born in Buda, first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland
John Corvinus (1473–1504) illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and his mistress, Barbara Edelpöck.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
Louis II of Hungary (1506–1526) King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
Aaron ben Joseph of Buda (ca. 1686), poet
Mihail G. Boiagi, (1780 – ca.1842) an Aromanian grammarian and professor
László Szalay (1813–1864) a Hungarian statesman and historian.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
József Eötvös (1813–1871) a Hungarian writer and statesman.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865), a Hungarian physician and scientist. An early pioneer of antiseptic procedures, he proposed doctors start the practice of disinfecting their hands.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
Kornelije Stanković, (1831–1865) notable Serbian composer, born and died in Buda
Edmund Hauler (1859–1941), classicist and philologist