Incubator escapee wiki

Buddleja

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox

Buddleja (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Abbr Buddleia; also historically given as Buddlea) is a genus comprising over 140<ref name="TPL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> species of flowering plants endemic to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The generic name bestowed by Linnaeus posthumously honoured the Reverend Adam Buddle (1662–1715), an English botanist and rector, at the suggestion of William Houstoun.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Houstoun sent the first plants to become known to science as buddleja (B. americana) to England from the Caribbean about 15 years after Buddle's death. Buddleja species, especially Buddleja davidii and interspecific hybrids, are commonly known as butterfly bushes and are frequently cultivated as garden shrubs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Buddleja davidii has become an invasive species in both Europe and North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NomenclatureEdit

The botanic name has been the source of some confusion. By modern practice of botanical Latin, the spelling of a generic name made from Buddle would be Buddleia, but Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753 and 1754 spelled it Buddleja, with the long i between two vowels, common in early modern orthography.<ref name=Linnaei>Linnaei, C. (1753). Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm.</ref> The pronunciation of the long i in Buddleja as j is a common modern error. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature has gradually changed to incorporate stricter rules about orthographic variants and as of the 2006 edition requires (article 60, particularly 60.5) that Linnaeus' spelling should be followed in this case.<ref name="MelbourneCode">Template:Citation.</ref>

ClassificationEdit

The genus Buddleja is now included in Scrophulariaceae, having earlier been classified under Buddlejaceae (synonym: Oftiaceae) and Loganiaceae<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Of the approximately 140 species, nearly all are shrubs less than Template:Convert tall, but a few qualify as trees, the largest reaching Template:Convert. Both evergreen and deciduous species occur, in tropical and temperate regions respectively. The leaves are lanceolate in most species, and arranged in opposite pairs on the stems (alternate in one species, B. alternifolia); they range from Template:Convert long.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The flowers of the Asiatic species are mostly produced in terminal panicles Template:Convert long; the American species more commonly as cymes forming small, globose heads. Each individual flower is tubular and divided into four spreading lobes (petals) about Template:Convert across, the corolla length ranging from around 10 mm in the Asiatics to 3–30 mm in the American species, the wider variation in the latter because some South American species have evolved long red flowers to attract hummingbirds, rather than insects, as exclusive pollinators.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The colour of the flowers varies widely, from mostly pastel pinks and blues in Asia, to vibrant yellows and reds in the New World, while many cultivars have deeper tones. The flowers are generally rich in nectar and often strongly honey-scented. The fruit is a small capsule about Template:Convert long and Template:Convert diameter, containing numerous small seeds; in a few species (previously classified in the separate genus Nicodemia) the capsule is soft and fleshy, forming a berry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DistributionEdit

The genus is found in four continents. Over 60 species are native through the New World from the southern United States to southern Chile, while many other species are found in the Old World, in Africa, and parts of Asia, but all are absent as natives from Europe and Australasia. The species are divided into three groups based on their floral type: those in the New World are mostly dioecious (occasionally hermaphrodite or trioecious), while those in the Old World are exclusively hermaphrodite with perfect flowers.

Cultivation and usesEdit

As garden shrubs, buddlejas are essentially 20th-century plants, with the exception of B. globosa which was introduced to Britain from southern Chile in 1774 and disseminated from the nursery of Lee and Kennedy, Hammersmith.<ref>Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia".</ref> Several species are popular garden plants and are commonly known as "butterfly bushes", owing to their attractiveness to butterflies, and have become staples of the modern butterfly garden; they are also attractive to bees and moths.

The most popular cultivated species is Buddleja davidii from central China, named for the French Basque missionary and naturalist Père Armand David. Other common garden species include the aforementioned B. globosa, grown for its strongly honey-scented orange globular inflorescences, and the weeping Buddleja alternifolia. Several interspecific hybrids have been made, notably B. 'Lochinch' (B. davidii × B. fallowiana) and B. × weyeriana (B. globosa × B. davidii), the latter a cross between a South American and an Asiatic species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Buddleja davidii next to rails at train station Düsseldorf-Zoo.jpg
Budleja davidii self-sown along a railroad right-of-way at Düsseldorf, Germany (2016)

Some species commonly escape from the garden. B. davidii in particular is an extensive coloniser of dry open ground. In urban areas in the United Kingdom, it often self-sows on waste ground or old masonry, where it grows into a dense thicket. A number of agricultural organizations and governing authorities throughout the world have designated the plant as an invasive species or a noxious weed.<ref>Multiple sources:

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • Template:Cite journal</ref> It is frequently seen in the United Kingdom beside railway lines, on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings and, in the aftermath of World War II, on urban bomb sites.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Patch>Template:Cite news</ref> That earned it the popular nickname of "the bomb site plant".<ref name=Patch/>

Popular garden cultivars include 'Royal Red' (reddish-purple flowers), 'Black Knight' (very dark purple), 'Sungold' (golden yellow), and 'Pink Delight' (pure pink). In recent years, much breeding work has been undertaken to create seed sterile cultivars (see "Non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars). This is a particularly important consideration in the United States, where several states have banned B. davidii and its fertile cultivars because of their invasiveness.<ref>Multiple sources:

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

List of species and naturally occurring hybridsEdit

The many species of Buddleja have been the subject of much taxonomic contention. The listing below includes the names, still prevalent in horticulture, of many former Asiatic species sunk by the late Toon Leeuwenberg as Buddleja crispa and adopted as such in the definitive Flora of China.<ref name="ITIS">{{#if:29912 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon 

 | url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29912
 | title = Buddleja
 | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 }}

| Template:Citation error }}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Norman>Norman, E. (2000). Buddlejaceae. Flora Neotropica, Vol. 81. New York Botanical Garden, USA.</ref> Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Formerly placed hereEdit

GalleryEdit

  • Buddavii.jpg

    B. davidii – Invasive species, here in an urban area

  • Buddleja asiatica.jpg

    Buddleja madagascariensis – flowers and foliage

  • Ibuddleiaigarata.jpg

    Unidentified Buddleja species in Igarata, Brazil

  • Monarch Butterfly Flower.jpg

    Monarch butterfly feeding on Buddleja davidii in Connecticut

  • Buddleja officinalis with Red Admiral.jpg

    Red Admiral butterfly feeding on Buddleja officinalis in January

RHS Award of Garden MeritEdit

The following Buddleja species and cultivars are (2017) holders of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

MonographsEdit

Asiatic and African speciesEdit

  • Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen, Nederland.

North and South American speciesEdit

Cultivated species and cultivarsEdit

  • Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas. RHS Plant Collector Guide. Timber Press, Oregon, USA. Template:ISBN

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Buddleja&oldid=178978"