Cabaret (musical)
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox musical
Cabaret is an American musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb, and a book by Joe Masteroff. It is based on the 1951 play I Am a Camera by John Van Druten, which in turn was based on the 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin by Christopher Isherwood.
Set in 1929–1930 Berlin during the twilight of the Jazz Age as the Nazis rise to power, the musical focuses on the hedonistic nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub and revolves around American writer Clifford Bradshaw's relations with English cabaret performer Sally Bowles. A subplot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz, a Jewish fruit vendor. Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub, and the club itself serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany.
The original Broadway production opened on November 20, 1966, at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York City and became a box office hit that ran for 1,166 performances. The production won eight Tony Awards and inspired numerous subsequent productions around the world as well as the 1972 film of the same name.
BackgroundEdit
Historical basisEdit
Template:Further Template:Multiple image The events depicted in the 1966 musical are derived from Anglo-American writer Christopher Isherwood's autobiographical tales of his colorful escapades in the Weimar Republic.Template:SfnmTemplate:Sfn In 1929, Isherwood visited Weimar-era Berlin during the final months of the Golden Twenties.<ref>Template:Harvnb: In March 1929, Isherwood joined W. H. Auden in Berlin. Impressed by the city, Isherwood returned again soon after and stayed for several years until the rise of the Nazis.</ref> He relocated to Berlin to avail himself of boy prostitutes and to enjoy the city's orgiastic Jazz Age cabarets.<ref>Template:Harvnb: Isherwood frequented "the boy-bars in Berlin in the late years of the Weimar Republic.... [He] discovered a world utterly different from the repressive English one he disliked, and with it, the excitements of sex and new subject matter."</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> He socialized with a coterie of gay writers that included Stephen Spender, Paul Bowles,Template:Efn and W.H. Auden.Template:Sfnm At the time, Isherwood viewed the rise of Nazism in Germany with political indifferenceTemplate:Efn and instead focused on writing his first novel.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "The real Isherwood... [was] the least political of the so-called Auden group, [and] Isherwood was always guided by his personal motivations rather than by abstract ideas."</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb: Isherwood was a "self-indulgent upper middle-class foreign tourist" who was "a good deal less dedicated to political passion than the legend has had it."</ref>
In Berlin, Isherwood shared modest lodgings with 19-year-old British flapper Jean Ross,Template:Efn an aspiring film actress who earned her living as a chanteuse in lesbian bars and second-rate cabarets.Template:Sfnm<ref>Template:Harvnb: "Jean Ross, whom [Isherwood] had met in Berlin as one of his fellow-lodgers in the Nollendorfstrasse for a time, when she was earning her living as a (not very remarkable) singer in a second-rate cabaret."</ref> While room-mates at Nollendorfstrasse 17 in Schöneberg,<ref>Template:Harvnb: "Jean moved into a room in the Nollendorfstrasse flat after she met Christopher, early in 1931."</ref> a 27-year-old Isherwood settled into a sexual relationship with a 16-year-old German boy,<ref>Template:Harvnb: "...a sixteen-year-old Berliner named Heinz Neddermeyer... Isherwood realized that he 'had found someone emotionally innocent, entirely vulnerable and uncritical, whom he could protect and cherish as his very own.' In other words, he had found the person for whom he had been looking in all his relationships with adolescents."</ref>Template:Sfnm and Ross became pregnant after engaging in a series of sexual liaisons.Template:Sfnm<ref name="Ross Pregnancy"/> She believed the father of the child to be jazz pianist and later film actor Peter van Eyck.<ref name="Ross Pregnancy">Template:Harvnb: "An affair with a Jewish musician called Götz von Eick, who subsequently became an actor in Hollywood under the name Peter van Eyck, led to her becoming pregnant, and she nearly died after an abortion."</ref> As a favor to Ross, Isherwood pretended to be her heterosexual impregnator in order to facilitate an abortion of which Ross nearly died due to the doctor's incompetence.<ref name="Ross Pregnancy"/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfnm Visiting the ailing Ross in a Berlin hospital, Isherwood felt resentment by the hospital staff for, as they assumed, forcing Ross to undergo the abortion. This event inspired Isherwood to write his 1937 novella Sally Bowles and is dramatized as its narrative climax.Template:Sfnm<ref>Template:Harvnb: "The abortion is a turning point in the narrator's relationship with Sally and also in his relationship to Berlin and to his writing".</ref>
While Ross recovered from the botched abortion, the political situation rapidly deteriorated in Weimar Germany as the incipient Nazi Party grew stronger day by day.Template:Sfn "There was a sensation of doom to be felt in the Berlin streets", Spender recalled.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb: In contrast to Stephen Spender's prescient realization of impending doom, Isherwood near the end of January 1933 "was complaining somewhat unpresciently to Spender that situation in Germany seemed 'very dull.'"</ref> As Berlin's daily scenes increasingly featured "poverty, unemployment, political demonstrations and street fighting between the forces of the extreme left and the extreme right",Template:Sfn Isherwood, Ross, Spender, and other British nationals realized that they must leave the politically volatile country as soon as possible.Template:Sfnm
Two weeks after the Enabling Act cemented Adolf Hitler's dictatorship, Isherwood fled Germany and returned to England on April 5, 1933.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "Isherwood recognized that he could not remain in Berlin much longer and on April 5, the day measures were brought in to ban Jews from the teaching professions and the Civil Service, he arrived back in London, bringing with him many of his possessions."</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb: Commenting on these dramatic change of events in Germany, Isherwood wrote to a friend that roving Nazi gangs could now murder anyone with impunity, and "it is illegal to offer any resistance".</ref> Afterwards, the Nazis shuttered most of Berlin's seedy cabarets,Template:Efn and many of Isherwood's cabaret acquaintances fled abroad or perished in concentration camps.Template:Sfnm These events served as the genesis for Isherwood's Berlin stories. In 1951, playwright John Van Druten adapted Isherwood's 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin into the Broadway play I Am a Camera which in turn became a 1955 film starring Laurence Harvey and Julie Harris.Template:Sfnm
Musical developmentEdit
Template:Further Template:CSS image crop In early 1963, producer David Black commissioned English composer and lyricist Sandy Wilson to undertake a musical adaptation of Van Druten's 1951 play I Am a Camera.Template:Sfn Black hoped that singer Julie Andrews would agree to star in the adaptation, but Andrews' manager refused to allow her to accept the role of Sally Bowles due to the character's immorality.<ref>Template:Harvnb: "David Black, a producer, had commissioned the show and sparked the interest of Julie Andrews, but the star's manager refused Andrews... to play such a part as Sally Bowles".</ref> By the time Wilson completed his work, however, Black's option on both the 1951 Van Druten play and its source material by Isherwood had lapsed and been acquired by rival Broadway producer Harold Prince.Template:Sfn Prince wished to create a gritty adaptation of Isherwood's stories that drew parallels between the spiritual bankruptcy of Germany in the 1920s and contemporary social problems in the United States at a time "when the struggle for civil rights for black Americans was heating up as a result of nonviolent but bold demonstrations being held in the Deep South."Template:Sfn
Prince hired playwright Joe Masteroff to work on the adaptation.Template:Sfn Both men believed that Wilson's score failed to capture the carefree hedonism of the Jazz Age in late 1920s Berlin.Template:Sfn They wanted a score that "evoked the Berlin of Kurt Weill and Lotte Lenya."Template:Sfn Consequently, Prince invited the songwriting team of John Kander and Fred Ebb to join the project.Template:Sfn Kander and Ebb envisioned the work as a dramatic play preceded by a prologue of songs describing the Berlin atmosphere from various points of view. As the composers distributed the songs between scenes, they realized the story could be told in the structure of a more traditional book musical, and they replaced several songs with tunes more relevant to the plot.Template:Sfn
For the musical adaptation, playwright Joe Masteroff significantly altered Isherwood's original characters.Template:Sfn He transformed the English protagonist into an American writer named Clifford Bradshaw; the antisemitic landlady became a tolerant woman with a Jewish beau who owned a fruit store; they cut various supporting characters and added new characters such as the Nazi smuggler Ernst LudwigTemplate:Efn for dramatic purposes.Template:SfnmTemplate:Sfn The musical ultimately expressed two stories in one: the first, a revue centered on the decadence of the Kit Kat Klub, for which Hal Prince created the Master of Ceremonies (Emcee) character played by Joel Grey; the second, a story set in the society outside the club, thus juxtaposing the lives of the characters based on Isherwood's real-life associates and acquaintances with the seedy club.Template:Sfn<ref name="VF">Template:Cite news</ref>
In fall 1966, the musical entered rehearsals.Template:Sfn After viewing one of the last rehearsals before the company headed to Boston for the pre-Broadway run, Prince's friend Jerome Robbins suggested cutting the songs outside the cabaret, but Prince ignored his advice.Template:Sfn In Boston, lead actress Jill Haworth struggled with her characterization of Sally Bowles.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Critics thought Sally's blonde hair and white dress suggested a debutante at a senior prom instead of a cabaret singer, so Sally became a brunette before the show opened on Broadway.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Prince staged the show in an unusual way for the time.Template:Sfn As the audience entered the theater, they saw the curtain raised, exposing a stage with only a large mirror that reflected the auditorium.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb: "There was no question that the single greatest element in the design was the giant mirror."</ref> Instead of an overture, a drum roll and cymbal crash introduced the opening number. The show mixed dialogue scenes with expository songs and standalone cabaret numbers that provided social commentary. This innovative concept initially surprised audiences.Template:Sfn Over time, they discerned the distinction between the two and appreciated the rationale behind them.Template:Sfn
SynopsisEdit
Act IEdit
Template:Annotated image At the twilight of the Jazz Age in Berlin, the incipient Nazi Party is growing stronger. The Kit Kat Klub is a seedy cabaret – a place of decadent celebration. The club's Master of Ceremonies (Emcee)Template:Efn together with the cabaret girls and waiters, warm up the audience ("Willkommen"). Meanwhile, a young American writer named Clifford Bradshaw arrives via a railway train in Berlin. He has journeyed to the city to work on a new novel. Cliff encounters Ernst Ludwig,Template:Efn a German smuggler who offers him black market work and recommends a boarding house. At the boarding house, the proprietress Fräulein Schneider offers Cliff a room for one hundred reichsmarks, but he can only pay fifty. After a brief debate, she relents and allows Cliff to live there for fifty marks. Fräulein Schneider observes that she has learned to take whatever life offers ("So What?").
When Cliff visits the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee introduces an English chanteuse, Sally Bowles, who performs a flirtatious number ("Don't Tell Mama").Template:Efn Afterward, she asks Cliff to recite poetry for her, and he recites Ernest Thayer's mock-heroic poem "Casey at the Bat". Cliff offers to escort Sally home, but she says that her boyfriend Max, the club's owner, is too jealous.Template:Efn Sally performs her final number at the Kit Kat Klub aided by a female ensemble of jazz babies ("Mein Herr"). The cabaret ensemble performs a song and dance, calling each other on inter-table phones and inviting each other for dances and drinks ("The Telephone Song").Template:Efn
The next day at the boarding house, Cliff has just finished giving an English lesson to Ernst when Sally arrives. Max has fired her and thrown her out, and now she has no place to live. Sally asks Cliff if she can live in his room. At first he resists, but she convinces him to take her in ("Perfectly Marvelous"). The Emcee and two female companions sing a song ("Two Ladies") that comments on Cliff and Sally's new living arrangement. Herr Schultz, an elderly Jewish fruit-shop owner who lives in the boarding house, gives a pineapple to Fräulein Schneider as a romantic gesture ("It Couldn't Please Me More"). In the Kit Kat Klub, a young waiter starts to sing a song – a patriotic anthem to the Fatherland that slowly descends into a darker, Nazi-inspired marching song ("Tomorrow Belongs to Me"). He initially sings a cappella, before the customers and the band join in.Template:Efn
Months later, Cliff and Sally are still living together and have grown intimate.Template:Efn Cliff knows that he is in a "dream", but he enjoys living with Sally too much to come to his senses ("Why Should I Wake Up?"). Sally reveals that she is pregnant, but she does not know who the father is and decides to have an abortion. Cliff reminds her that it could be his child and tries to convince her to have the baby ("Maybe This Time").Template:Efn Ernst enters and offers Cliff a chance to earn easy money – picking up a suitcase in Paris and delivering it to a client in Berlin. The Emcee comments on this with the song "Sitting Pretty" (or, in later versions, "Money").
Meanwhile, Fräulein Schneider has caught one of her boarders, the prostitute Fräulein Kost, bringing sailors into her room. Fräulein Schneider forbids her from doing so again, but Kost threatens to leave. Kost reveals that she has seen Fräulein Schneider with Herr Schultz in her room. Herr Schultz saves Fräulein Schneider's reputation by telling Fräulein Kost that he and Fräulein Schneider are to be married in three weeks. After Fräulein Kost departs, Fräulein Schneider thanks Herr Schultz for lying to Fräulein Kost. Herr Schultz says that he still wishes to marry Fräulein Schneider ("Married").
At Fräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz's engagement party, Cliff arrives and delivers the suitcase of contraband to Ernst. Sally and Cliff gift the couple a crystal fruit bowl. A tipsy Schultz sings "Meeskite" ("meeskite", he explains, is Yiddish for ugly or funny-looking), a song with a moral ("Anyone responsible for loveliness, large or small/Is not a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} at all").Template:Efn Afterward, seeking revenge on Fräulein Schneider, Kost tells Ernst, who now sports a Nazi armband, that Schultz is a Jew. Ernst warns Schneider that marrying a Jew is unwise. Kost and company reprise "Tomorrow Belongs to Me", with more overtly Nazi overtones, as Cliff, Sally, Schneider, Schultz, and the Emcee look on.
Act IIEdit
Template:Annotated image The cabaret girls – along with the Emcee in drag – perform a kickline routine which eventually becomes a goose step. Fräulein Schneider expresses her concerns about her impending nuptials to Herr Schultz, who assures her that everything will be all right ("Married" (reprise)).Template:Efn They are interrupted by the crash of a brick being thrown through the glass window of Herr Schultz's fruit shop. Schultz tries to reassure her that it is merely rowdy children making trouble, but Fräulein Schneider is now afraid.
Back at the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee performs a song-and-dance routine with a woman in a gorilla suit, singing that their love has been met with universal disapproval ("If You Could See Her"). Encouraging the audience to be more open-minded, he defends his ape-woman, concluding with, "if you could see her through my eyes... she wouldn't look Jewish at all."Template:Efn<ref name="VF"/> Fräulein Schneider goes to Cliff and Sally's room and returns their engagement present, explaining that her marriage has been called off. When Cliff protests and states that she can't just give up this way, she asks him what other choice she has ("What Would You Do?").
Cliff begs Sally to leave Germany with him so that they can raise their child together in America. Sally protests and claims that their life in Berlin is wonderful. Cliff urges her to "wake up" and to notice the growing social upheaval around them.Template:Efn Sally retorts that politics have nothing to do with them and returns to the Kit Kat Klub ("I Don't Care Much").Template:Efn At the club, after another heated argument with Sally, Cliff is accosted by Ernst, who has another delivery job for him. Cliff tries to brush him off. When Ernst inquires if Cliff's attitude towards him is because of "that Jew at the party", Cliff attacks him – only to be beaten by Ernst's bodyguards and ejected from the club.Template:EfnTemplate:Anchor On stage, the Emcee introduces Sally, who enters to perform again, singing that "life is a cabaret, old chum," cementing her decision to live in carefree ignorance ("Cabaret").
The next morning, a bruised Cliff is packing his clothes in his room when Herr Schultz visits. He informs Cliff that he is moving to another boarding house, but he is confident that these difficult times will soon pass. He understands the German people, he declares, because he is a German too. When Sally returns, she announces that she has had an abortion, and Cliff slaps her. She chides him for his previous insistence on keeping the baby, pointing out it would be a "terrible burden" for a child knowing it was the only reason the parents were together. Cliff still hopes that she will join him in France, but Sally retorts that she has "always hated Paris." She hopes that, when Cliff finally writes his novel, he will dedicate the work to her. Cliff leaves, heartbroken. Template:Quote box
On the railway train to Paris, Cliff begins to compose his novel, reflecting on his experiences: "There was a cabaret, and there was a master of ceremonies ... and there was a city called Berlin, in a country called Germany – and it was the end of the world and I was dancing with Sally Bowles – and we were both fast asleep" ("Willkommen" (reprise)). In the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee welcomes the audience once again as the ensemble reprises "Willkommen" but the song is now harsh and discordant.Template:Efn The Emcee sings, "Auf Wiedersehen... à bientôt..."Template:Efn followed by a drum roll crescendo and a cymbal crash.Template:Efn
Musical numbersEdit
Every production of Cabaret has modified the original score, with songs being changed, cut, or added from the film version. This is a collective list featuring all songs from every major production. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2 Act ITemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfnm
- "Willkommen"Template:SndEmcee and Company
- "So What?"Template:SndFräulein Schneider
- "Telephone Song"/"Telephone Dance"Template:EfnTemplate:SndCliff and Company
- "Don't Tell Mama"Template:SndSally and the Girls
- "Mein Herr"Template:SndSally and the Girls
- "Perfectly Marvelous"Template:SndSally and Cliff
- "Two Ladies"Template:EfnTemplate:SndEmcee and Two LadiesTemplate:Efn
- "It Couldn't Please Me More (A Pineapple)"Template:SndFräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz
- "Tomorrow Belongs to Me"Template:SndEmcee and WaitersTemplate:Efn
- "Why Should I Wake Up?"Template:SndCliff
- "Don't Go"Template:EfnTemplate:SndCliff
- "Maybe This Time"Template:EfnTemplate:SndSally
- "Sitting Pretty"Template:EfnTemplate:SndEmcee and Kit Kats
- "Money"Template:SndEmcee and the Cabaret Girls
- "Married"Template:EfnTemplate:SndFräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz
- "Meeskite"Template:EfnTemplate:SndHerr Schultz and Sally
- "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" (reprise)Template:SndFräulein Kost, Ernst Ludwig and Guests
Template:Col-2 Act IITemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfnm
- "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}"/"Kickline"Template:SndEmcee and the Girls
- "Married" (reprise)Template:EfnTemplate:SndHerr Schultz
- "If You Could See Her (The Gorilla Song)"Template:SndEmcee
- "What Would You Do?"Template:SndFräulein Schneider
- "I Don't Care Much"Template:EfnTemplate:SndEmcee
- "Cabaret"Template:SndSally
- "Willkommen" (reprise)/"Finale Ultimo"Template:SndEmcee, Cliff, and Company
Song modificationsEdit
Many songs planned for the 1966 production were cut.Template:Sfn Three excised songs – "Good Time Charlie", "It'll All Blow Over", and "Roommates" – were recorded by Kander and Ebb, and the sheet music published in a collector's book.Template:Sfn Sally sang "Good Time Charlie" to Cliff as they walked to Fräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz's engagement party, mocking Cliff for his gloominess.Template:Sfn At the end of the first act, Fräulein Schneider sang "It'll All Blow Over," expressing her concerns about marrying a Jew, while Cliff voiced his worries about Germany's emerging Nazism.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In the song, Sally declares that all will turn out well in the end.Template:Sfn "Perfectly Marvelous" replaced "Roommates" and serves the same plot function of Sally convincing Cliff to let her move in with him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The 1972 film added several songs, notably "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" and "Maybe This Time" which were included in later productions.Template:Sfn The latter song had been written by Kander and Ebb for the unproduced musical Golden Gate.Template:Sfn The later 1987 and 1998 Broadway revivals also added new songs such as "I Don't Care Much".Template:Sfn In the 1987 revival, Kander and Ebb wrote a new song for Cliff titled "Don't Go".Template:Sfn In the 1998 revival, "Mein Herr" replaced "The Telephone Song", and "Maybe This Time" replaced "Why Should I Wake Up?".
Originally, the Emcee sang "Sitting Pretty" accompanied by the cabaret girls in international costumes with their units of currency representing Russian rubles, Japanese yen, French francs, American dollars, and German reichsmarks.Template:Sfn In the 1972 film, the Emcee and Sally Bowles sang "Money, Money" instead of "Sitting Pretty." The film soundtrack briefly played "Sitting Pretty" as orchestral background music. In the 1987 revival, they presented a special version that combined a medley of both money songs, and they incorporated motifs from the later song into the "international" dance that featured "Sitting Pretty." In the 1998 revival, they used only the later song written for the film. This version included the cabaret girls and carried a darker undertone.
ProductionsEdit
Original Broadway productionEdit
The musical opened on Broadway on November 20, 1966,Template:Sfn at the Broadhurst Theatre, transferred to the Imperial Theatre and then the Broadway Theatre before closing on September 6, 1969, after 1,166 performances and 21 previews.Template:Sfnm Directed by Harold Prince and choreographed by Ron Field, the cast featured Jill Haworth as Sally, Bert Convy as Cliff, Lotte Lenya as Fräulein Schneider, Jack Gilford as Herr Schultz, Joel Grey as the Emcee, Edward Winter as Ernst, and Peg Murray as Fräulein Kost.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Replacements later in the run included Anita Gillette and Melissa Hart as Sally, Ken Kercheval and Larry Kert as Cliff, and Martin Ross as the Emcee.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, John Serry Sr. performed as the orchestral accordionist.Template:Citation needed
The original Broadway production was not an instant success according to playwright Joe Masteroff due to its perceived immoral content.Template:Sfn "When the show opened in Boston," Masteroff recalled, "there were a lot of walkouts. Once the reviews came out, the public came back."Template:Sfn At the time, actor Joel Grey was merely fifth-billed in the show. Nevertheless, audiences were hypnotized by Grey's sinister performance as the Emcee.Template:Sfn
In contrast, Jill Haworth's performance as Sally was less well-received and was criticized for its blandness.Template:Sfn Emory Lewis, the reviewer for The Morning Call, wrote that "Jill Haworth, the lovely English actress who played Sally Bowles on opening night, was personable, but she was not sufficiently trained for so pivotal a role. And her voice was small and undramatic. Her performance threw 'Cabaret' out of kilter."Template:Sfn
The 1967–68 US national tour featured Melissa Hart as Sally, Signe Hasso as Fräulein Schneider, and Leo Fuchs as Herr Schultz.Template:Sfnm The tour included the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut in December 1967, the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in May 1968, the Curran Theatre in San Francisco in September 1968, and many others.Template:Sfnm
Original West End productionEdit
The musical premiered in the West End on February 28, 1968, at the Palace Theatre with Judi Dench as Sally, Kevin Colson as Cliff, Barry Dennen as the Emcee, Lila Kedrova as Fräulein Schneider and Peter Sallis as Herr Schultz. It ran for 336 performances.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Critics such as Ken Mandelbaum have asserted that "Judi Dench was the finest of all the Sallys that appeared in Hal Prince's original staging, and if she's obviously not much of a singer, her Sally is a perfect example of how one can give a thrilling musical theatre performance without a great singing voice."Template:Sfn
1986 West End revivalEdit
In 1986, the show was revived in London at the Strand Theatre starring Kelly Hunter as Sally, Peter Land as Cliff and Wayne Sleep as the Emcee, directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne.Template:Sfn
1987 Broadway revivalEdit
The first Broadway revival opened on October 22, 1987, with direction and choreography by Prince and Field. The revival opened at the Imperial Theatre, and then transferred to the Minskoff Theatre to complete its 261-performance run.Template:Sfn Joel Grey received star billing as the Emcee, with Alyson Reed as Sally, Gregg Edelman as Cliff, Regina Resnik as Fräulein Schneider, Werner Klemperer as Herr Schultz, and David Staller as Ernst Ludwig.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song "Don't Go" was added for Cliff's character.Template:Citation needed
1993 London revivalEdit
Template:Multiple image In 1993, Sam Mendes directed a new production for the Donmar Warehouse in London.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfnm The revival starred Jane Horrocks as Sally, Adam Godley as Cliff, Alan Cumming as the Emcee and Sara Kestelman as Fräulein Schneider.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kestelman won the Olivier for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical, and Cumming was nominated for an Olivier Award.Template:Citation needed Mendes' concept was different from either the original production or the conventional first revival,Template:Sfn particularly with respect to the character of the Emcee. The role, as played by Joel Grey in both prior productions, was a sexually aloof, edgy character with rouged cheeks dressed in a tuxedo. Alan Cumming's portrayal was highly sexualized, as he wore suspenders around his crotch and red paint on his nipples.Template:Sfnm Staging details differed as well. Instead of "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" being performed by a male choir of waiting staff, the Emcee plays a recording of a boy soprano singing it. In the final scene, the Emcee removes his outer clothes to reveal a striped uniform of the type worn by the internees in concentration camps; on it are pinned a yellow badge (identifying Jews), a red star (marking Communists and socialists), and a pink triangle (denoting homosexuals). Other changes included added references to Cliff's bisexuality, including a brief scene where he kisses one of the Cabaret boys.Template:Sfn "I Don't Care Much," which was added for the 1987 Broadway revival, was maintained for this production, and "Mein Herr" was added from the film.Template:Citation needed
This production was filmed by Channel Four Film for airing on UK television.Template:Sfn
1998 Broadway revivalEdit
Template:Multiple image The second Broadway revival, by the Roundabout Theatre Company, was based on the 1993 Mendes-Donmar Warehouse production. For the Broadway transfer, Rob Marshall was co-director and choreographer.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="VF"/> The production opened after 37 previews on March 19, 1998, at the Kit Kat Klub, housed in what previously had been known as Henry Miller's Theatre.Template:Sfn Later that year it transferred to Studio 54,Template:Sfn where it remained for the rest of its 2,377-performance run,Template:Sfn becoming the third longest-running revival in Broadway musical history, third only to Oh! Calcutta! and Chicago. Cumming reprised his role as the Emcee, opposite newcomers Natasha Richardson as Sally, John Benjamin Hickey as Cliff, Ron Rifkin as Herr Schultz, Denis O'Hare as Ernst Ludwig, Michele Pawk as Fräulein Kost, and Mary Louise Wilson as Fräulein Schneider.Template:Sfn<ref name=Vault1998>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Broadway production was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning four for Cumming, Richardson and Rifkin, as well as the Tony for Best Revival of a Musical. This production featured a number of notable replacements later in the run: Susan Egan, Joely Fisher, Gina Gershon, Debbie Gibson, Milena Govich, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Melina Kanakaredes, Jane Leeves, Molly Ringwald, Brooke Shields, and Lea Thompson as Sally; Michael C. Hall, Raúl Esparza, Neil Patrick Harris, Adam Pascal, Jon Secada, and John Stamos as the Emcee; Boyd Gaines, Michael Hayden, and Rick Holmes as Cliff; Tom Bosley, Dick Latessa, Hal Linden, Laurence Luckinbill, and Tony Roberts as Herr Schultz; and Blair Brown, Carole Shelley, Polly Bergen, Alma Cuervo, Mariette Hartley as Fräulein Schneider, and Martin Moran as Ernst Ludwig.<ref name=Vault1998/>
There were a number of changes made between the 1993 and 1998 revivals, despite the similarities in creative team. The cabaret number "Two Ladies" was staged with the Emcee, a cabaret girl, and a cabaret boy in drag and included a shadow play simulating various sexual positions.Template:Sfn The score was re-orchestrated using synthesizer effects and expanding the stage band, with all the instruments now being played by the cabaret girls and boys. The satiric "Sitting Pretty", with its mocking references to deprivation, despair and hunger, was eliminated, as it had been in the film version, and where in the 1993 revival it had been combined with "Money" (as it had been in 1987 London production), "Money" was now performed on its own. "Maybe This Time", from the film adaptation, was added to the score.Template:Sfn
2006 West End revivalEdit
In September 2006, a new production presented by Bill Kenwright opened at the Lyric Theatre, directed by Rufus Norris,Template:Sfn and starring Anna Maxwell Martin as Sally, James Dreyfus as the Emcee, Harriet Thorpe as Fräulein Kost, Michael Hayden as Cliff, and Sheila Hancock as Fräulein Schneider. Hancock won the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical. Replacements later in the run included Kim Medcalf and Amy Nuttall as Sally, Honor Blackman and Angela Richards as Fräulein Schneider, and Julian Clary and Alistair McGowan as the Emcee. This production closed in June 2008 and toured the UK for two years opening at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre with a cast that included Wayne Sleep as the Emcee and Samantha Barks as Sally, before Siobhan Dillon took over the role.Template:Citation needed
2012 West End revivalEdit
A revival opened in the West End at the Savoy Theatre on October 3, 2012, following a four-week tour of the UK, including Bromley, Southampton, Nottingham, Norwich and Salford.Template:Sfn Will Young played the Emcee and Michelle Ryan portrayed Sally Bowles.Template:Sfn Siân Phillips, Harriet Thorpe and Matt Rawle also joined the cast. The production was made by the creative team behind the 2006 London revival, but with new sets, lighting, costumes, choreography and direction.Template:Citation needed
In August 2013 the show went on tour in the UK, again with Young as the Emcee, Siobhan Dillon reprising her role of Sally and Lyn Paul joining the cast as Fräulein Schneider.Template:Sfn The same production toured the UK again in autumn 2017 with Young as the Emcee and Louise Redknapp as Sally.Template:Sfn Another UK tour began in autumn 2019 starring John Partridge as the Emcee, Kara Lily Hayworth as Sally Bowles and Anita Harris as Fräulein Schneider.Template:Sfn
2014 Broadway revivalEdit
Template:Multiple image In September 2013 Roundabout Theatre Company announced plans to return the company's acclaimed 1998 production to Studio 54 in New York.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn For this, the show's third Broadway revival, Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall reprised their respective roles as director and co-director/choreographer to recreate their work from the earlier production. Alan Cumming starred again as the Emcee while Academy Award-nominee Michelle Williams made her Broadway debut as Sally Bowles.Template:Sfn On October 7, 2013, Tony Award nominees Danny Burstein and Linda Emond joined the cast as Herr Schultz and Fräulein Schneider.Template:Sfn The production began a 24-week limited engagement with previews from March 21, 2014, with opening night on April 24, 2014, but the engagement was extended.Template:Sfn Emma Stone replaced Michelle Williams as Sally from November 2014 to February 2015.Template:Sfnm Critics praised Stone's performance for her interpretation of the hard-drinking sybarite Sally Bowles "as a flaming flapper, the kind hymned by F. Scott Fitzgerald and embodied by the young Joan Crawford in silent movies."Template:Sfn Sienna Miller took over the role on March 29, 2015, remaining through to the show's closing.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Alan Cumming continued in the role of the Emcee until the show's final curtain.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The production toured the US from January 2016 with Randy Harrison as the Emcee and Andrea Goss (who played Frenchie in the Broadway production). They were later replaced by Jon Peterson and Leigh Ann Larkin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2021 West End revivalEdit
Eddie Redmayne and Jessie Buckley starred as the Emcee and Sally Bowles in a West End production directed by Rebecca Frecknall, designed by Tom Scutt, choreographed by Julia Cheng, with lighting design by Isabella Byrd and sound design by Nick Lidster.Template:Sfn The production also featured Omari Douglas as Cliff, Liza Sadovy as Fraulein Schneider, Elliot Levey as Herr Schultz, Stewart Clarke as Ernst and Anna-Jane Casey as Fraulein Kost.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Produced by Underbelly and Ambassador Theatre Group,Template:Sfn and billed as Cabaret at the Kit Kat Club, the production began previews November 15, 2021 at Playhouse Theatre, which was reduced to a 550-seat capacity with an intimate in-the-round stage and table seating for some audience members, in effect transforming the theater into a Weimar-era nightclub.Template:Sfn<ref name="VF"/> The run was extended to October 2022. The production led the 2022 Olivier Award nominations with 11 nods,Template:Sfn including Best Musical Revival, Best Actor in a Musical for Redmayne and Best Actress in a Musical for Buckley.Template:Sfn The production won seven awards and set a record as the most award-winning revival in Olivier history and the first production to receive awards in all four eligible acting categories.Template:Citation needed
Following the departure of Redmayne and Buckley, notable players as the Emcee and Sally Bowles have been Fra Fee and Amy Lennox;Template:Sfn Callum Scott Howells and Madeline Brewer; Aimee Lou Wood and John McCrea; Maude Apatow and Mason Alexander Park; Jake Shears and Rebecca Lucy Taylor (aka Self Esteem);Template:Sfn Luke Treadaway and Cara Delevingne;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Layton Williams and Rhea Norwood;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Adam Gillen and Katherine Langford;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Billy Porter and Marisha Wallace.<ref>Gans, Andrew. Photos: Billy Porter and Marisha Wallace Join Cast of London Cabaret Revival January 28, Playbill, January 28, 2025</ref>
2024 Broadway revivalEdit
The 2021 West End production transferred to the August Wilson Theatre on Broadway, with previews from April 1, 2024, ahead of a gala night on April 20 and press night on April 21.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As in the West End production, the August Wilson Theatre was refurbished as the "Kit Kat Club" with an intimate in-the-round staging.Template:Sfnm Redmayne reprised his role as the Emcee with Gayle Rankin and Ato Blankson-Wood co-starring as Sally and Cliff.<ref>Ato Blankson-Wood Joins Upcoming Broadway Cabaret</ref> Bebe Neuwirth, Steven Skybell, Natascia Diaz, and Henry Gottfried play Fraulein Schneider, Herr Schultz, Fraulein Kost, and Ernst Ludwig, respectively.<ref>Bebe Neuwirth and Steven Skybell Join Upcoming Broadway Cabaret Revival</ref><ref>Natascia Diaz and Henry Gottfried Board Upcoming Broadway Cabaret</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The production was nominated for 9 Tony Awards,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> winning one for Best Scenic Design.<ref>Sarmiento, Isabella Gomez. "Tony Awards 2024: The complete list of winners", NPR, June 16, 2024</ref> Replacements in the production have included Adam Lambert and Orville Peck as the Emcee and Auli'i Cravalho and Eva Noblezada as Sally Bowles.<ref>Higgins, Molly and Logan Culwell-Block. "Adam Lambert and Auli'i Cravalho to Join Cabaret on Broadway", Playbill, July 24, 2024</ref><ref name=PeckEva>Culwell-Block, Logan. "Orville Peck, Eva Noblezada Take Over Broadway's Cabaret March 31", Playbill, March 31, 2025</ref>
Other productionsEdit
A BBC Radio 2 radio broadcast in 1996 from the Golders Green Hippodrome starred Clare Burt as Sally Bowles, Steven Berkoff as the Emcee, Alexander Hanson as Clifford Bradshaw, Keith Michell as Herr Schultz, and Rosemary Leach as Fräulein Schneider.Template:Citation needed
Since 2003, international stagings of the show, many influenced by Mendes' concept, have included productions in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Portugal, Greece, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Serbia, South Africa, Spain and Venezuela.Template:Citation needed A 2008 production at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival's Avon Theatre in Canada, designed by Douglas Paraschuk and directed by Amanda Dehnert, featured Bruce Dow as the Emcee, Trish Lindström as Sally, Sean Arbuckle as Cliff, Nora McClellan as Fräulein Schneider and Frank Moore as Herr Schultz.Template:Sfn The Shaw Festival at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, included Cabaret in its 2014 season.Template:Sfn The production, which ran from April 10 – October 26, 2014 at the Festival Theatre, was directed by Peter Hinton with choreography by Denise Clarke. It featured Juan Chioran as the Emcee, Deborah Hay as Sally, Gray Powell as Cliff, Benedict Campbell as Herr Schultz, and Corrine Koslo as Fräulein Schneider; it was influenced by Mendes' 1993 revival.Template:Citation needed
A 2017 revival played in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, starred Paul Capsis as the Emcee and Chelsea Gibb as Sally. The production mixed elements of the Mendes production, such as its version of "Two Ladies" and its portrayal of a gay Cliff, with the colorful art design of the original (the Emcee is in full makeup and clothed) and most of the additional songs from the 1972 film (with the exception of "Mein Herr").Template:Sfn
Cast and charactersEdit
RecordingsEdit
The first recording of Cabaret was the original Broadway cast album with a number of the songs either truncated (e.g., "Sitting Pretty"/"The Money Song") or outright cut to conserve disk space.Template:Sfn When this album was released on compact disc, Kander and Ebb's voice-and-piano recordings of songs cut from the musical were added as bonus material.Template:Sfn According to Mandelbaum, the 1968 London cast recording features "a more accurate rendering of the score" and includes the Act One finale "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" reprise, the second-act finale as performed in the theatre, and a number of other previously unrecorded bits and pieces."Template:Sfn It was released in the UK and reissued on the CBS Embassy label in 1973.
The 1972 movie soundtrack with Liza Minnelli is much re-written and eliminates all but six of the original songs from the stage production.Template:Sfn
Both the 1986 London and 1998 Broadway revival casts were recorded.Template:Sfn A 1993 two-CD studio recording contains nearly the entire score, including songs written for the movie and for later productions and much of the incidental music. This recording features Jonathan Pryce as the Emcee, Maria Friedman as Sally, Gregg Edelman as Cliff, Judi Dench as Fräulein Schneider, and Fred Ebb as Herr Schultz.Template:Citation needed The cast recording of the 2006 London revival at the Lyric Theatre includes James Dreyfus as the Emcee and Anna Maxwell Martin as Sally.Template:Citation needed
The 2021 London cast recording featuring Eddie Redmayne and Jessie Buckley was recorded live at the Playhouse Theatre, London) and released in January 2023.Template:Citation needed Cabaret: The Maida Vale Session is an EP that was released in March 2024 with four songs from the revival at the Playhouse Theatre, including "Willkommen", "Don't Tell Mama", "I Don't Care Much" and the title song. It was recorded for a BBC Radio 2 show with Jo Whiley at the BBC's Maida Vale Studios with Jake Shears as Emcee, Rebecca Lucy Taylor as Sally and the 2023 London cast and orchestra.Template:Citation needed
In addition to these recordings, cast albums for French, Spanish, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Austrian, Dutch, Mexican, and German productions have been released.Template:Sfn
Awards and nominationsEdit
Original Broadway productionEdit
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Tony Award | Best Musical | Template:Won | |
| Best Original Score | John Kander and Fred Ebb | Template:Won | ||
| Best Actor in a Musical | Jack Gilford | Template:Nom | ||
| Best Actress in a Musical | Lotte Lenya | Template:Nom | ||
| Best Featured Actor in a Musical | Joel Grey | Template:Won | ||
| Edward Winter | Template:Nom | |||
| Best Featured Actress in a Musical | Peg Murray | Template:Won | ||
| Best Direction of a Musical | Harold Prince | Template:Won | ||
| Best Choreography | Ron Field | Template:Won | ||
| Best Scenic Design | Boris Aronson | Template:Won | ||
| Best Costume Design | Patricia Zipprodt | Template:Won | ||
| New York Drama Critics' Circle Award<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
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Best Musical | Template:Won | |
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Best Musical | Template:Won | ||
1987 Broadway revivalEdit
1993 London revivalEdit
1998 Broadway revivalEdit
2006 West End revivalEdit
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best Musical Revival | Template:Nom | |
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical | Sheila Hancock | Template:Won | ||
| Best Theatre Choreographer | Javier de Frutos | Template:Won | ||
2012 West End revivalEdit
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best Musical Revival | Template:Nominated | |
| Best Actor in a Musical | Will Young | Template:Nominated | ||
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical | Siân Phillips | Template:Nominated | ||
2014 Broadway revivalEdit
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | Tony Award | |||
| Best Featured Actor in a Musical | Danny Burstein | Template:Nominated | ||
| Best Featured Actress in a Musical | Linda Emond | Template:Nominated | ||
| Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical | Danny Burstein | Template:Nom | |
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Outstanding Revival of a Musical | Template:Nom | ||
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Michelle Williams | Template:Nom | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical | Danny Burstein | Template:Nom | ||
| Fred and Adele Astaire Award | Outstanding Choreographer in a Broadway Show | Rob Marshall | Template:Nom | |
| Outstanding Female Dancer in a Broadway Show | Gayle Rankin | Template:Nom | ||
2021 West End revivalEdit
2024 Broadway revivalEdit
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
CitationsEdit
Works citedEdit
Print sourcesEdit
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External linksEdit
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- Plot and production information at the Guide to Musical Theatre
- The Making of Cabaret by Keith Garebian. OUP 2011 2nd edition.
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