Cantharellales
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi (Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus/Rhizoctonia.
TaxonomyEdit
The order was originally proposed in 1926 by German mycologist Ernst Albert Gäumann to accommodate species within the phylum Basidiomycota having "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). On this basis, he included three families within the Cantharellales: the Cantharellaceae (including the Hydnaceae), the Clavulinaceae, and the Exobasidiaceae.<ref name="Gaumann1926"/> The last group are now placed within the Exobasidiales.<ref name="IndexFungorum"/>
By 1995, the order had been amended (based on micromorphological research) to include not only the Cantharellaceae, but also the Aphelariaceae, Clavariaceae, Clavariadelphaceae, Clavulinaceae, Craterellaceae, Hydnaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, Scutigeraceae, Sparassidaceae, and Typhulaceae.<ref name="Dictionary1995"/>
Current statusEdit
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has redefined the Cantharellales.<ref name="Moncalvoetal2006"/> As well as the Cantharellaceae (chanterelles and their allies, inclusive of the Craterellaceae), the order currently comprises fungi with morphologically diverse sporocarps (fruit bodies) within the Aphelariaceae (clavarioid fungi), Botryobasidiaceae (corticioid fungi), Ceratobasidiaceae (heterobasidiomycetes), Clavulinaceae (clavarioid fungi), Hydnaceae (tooth fungi), and Tulasnellaceae (heterobasidiomycetes). The Clavariaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, and Typhulaceae, previously included within the order, are now placed within the Agaricales; the Clavariadelphaceae are now in the Gomphales; the Sparassidaceae in the Polyporales. The Scutigeraceae have been replaced by the Albatrellaceae within the Russulales.<ref name="IndexFungorum"/> According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 7 families, 38 genera, and 544 species.<ref name="Dictionary2008"/>
Habitat and distributionEdit
Most fungi within the order are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with certain trees, shrubs, and other vascular plants.<ref name="Pegleretal1997"/> Species in the Botryobasidiaceae are believed to be saprotrophs of fallen wood and leaf litter.<ref name="Langer1994"/> Species in the Ceratobasidiaceae are also saprotrophs, but some are capable of becoming facultative plant pathogens. Species in the Tulasnellaceae are saprotrophic, but are also associated with orchid mycorrhiza, as are some species in the Ceratobasidiaceae.<ref name="Roberts1999"/> Distribution is cosmopolitan.
Economic importanceEdit
Template:Sister project Sporocarps (fruit bodies) of chanterelles and some Hydnum species, particularly Hydnum repandum, are edible and widely collected on a commercial scale. They are marketed fresh or processed and traded internationally.<ref name="Pegleretal1997"/><ref name="Persson1998"/> Several species in the Ceratobasidiaceae, notably Rhizoctonia solani, cause significant diseases of cereals and other commercial crops, as well as turf grass.<ref name="Roberts1999"/><ref name="Snehetal1996"/>
Genera incertae sedisEdit
Some genera of the Cantharellales have not been assigned to any family, i.e., they are incertae sedis with respect to familial placement:
- Bryoclavula Template:Au – 2 spp.
- Bulbilla Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Minimedusa Template:Au – 3 spp.
- Odontiochaete Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Radulochaete Template:Au – 2 spp.
- Schildia Template:Au – 1 sp.
- Aphelaria 82539.jpg
style }}
- Botryobasidium.vagum.-.lindsey.jpg
style }}
- Totentrompeten Herbsttrompeten.jpg
style }}
- Clavulina coralloides - Lindsey.jpg
style }}
- Hedgehog fungi.jpg
style }}
- Tulasnella.violea.-.lindsey.jpg
style }}