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Carpet shark

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes Template:IPAc-en. Sometimes the common name "carpet shark" (given because many species resemble ornately patterned carpets) is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name of sharks in the family Orectolobidae. Carpet sharks have five gill slits, two spineless dorsal fins, and a small mouth that does not extend past the eyes. Many species have barbels.

CharacteristicsEdit

The carpet sharks are a diverse group of sharks with differing sizes, appearances, diets, and habits. They first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Jurassic; the oldest known orectolobiform genera are Folipistrix (known from Toarcian to Aalenian of Belgium and Germany), Palaeobrachaelurus (Aalenian to Barremian) and Annea (Toarcian to Bajocian of Europe).<ref name=Akaimia/> All species have two dorsal fins and a relatively short, transverse mouth that does not extend behind the eyes. Besides the nostrils are barbels, tactile sensory organs, and grooves known as nasoral grooves connect the nostrils to the mouth. Five short gill slits are just in front of the origin of the pectoral fin and the fifth slit tends to overlap the fourth one.<ref name=fishbase>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A spiracle occurs beneath each eye which is used in respiration. The only exception to this rule is the whale shark, the spiracles of which are situated just behind the eyes.<ref name=Plessis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carpet sharks derive their common name from the fact that many species have a mottled appearance with intricate patterns reminiscent of carpet designs. The patterning provides camouflage when the fish is lying on the seabed.<ref name=britannica>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest carpet shark is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) which can grow to a length of Template:Convert. It is the largest species of fish, but despite its size, is not dangerous, as it is a filter feeder, drawing in water through its wide mouth and sifting out the plankton. The smallest carpet shark, at up to about Template:Convert long, is the barbelthroat carpet shark, (Cirrhoscyllium expolitum).<ref name=Plessis/> Some of the most spectacularly coloured members of the order are the necklace carpet shark (Parascyllium variolatum), the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum), the Epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), and the ornate wobbegong (Orectolobus ornatus). Nurse sharks and whale sharks have a fringe of barbels on their snouts, and barbelthroat carpet sharks (Cirrhoscyllium expolitum) have barbels dangling from their throat regions.

BehaviourEdit

Most carpet sharks feed on the seabed in shallow to medium-depth waters, detecting and picking up molluscs, crustaceans, and other small creatures.<ref name=Plessis/> The wobbegongs tend to be ambush predators, lying hidden on the seabed until prey approaches. One has been observed swallowing a bamboo shark whole.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The methods of reproduction of carpet sharks varies. Some species are oviparous and lay eggs which may be liberated directly into the water or may be enclosed in horny egg cases. Some female sharks have been observed to push egg cases into crevices and this would be an added protection for the developing embryos. Other species are ovoviviparous and the fertilised eggs are retained in the mother's oviduct. There, the developing embryos, which are usually few in number, feed on their yolk sacs at first and later hatch out and feed on nutrients secreted by the walls of the oviduct. The young are born in an advanced state, ready to live independent lives.<ref name=Plessis/>

DistributionEdit

Carpet sharks are found in all the oceans of the world but predominantly in tropical and temperate waters. They are most common in the western Indo-Pacific region and are usually found in relatively deep water.<ref name=Plessis/>

ClassificationEdit

The order is small, with seven families in 13 genera and with a total of around 43 species:

Family Image Common name Genera Species Description
Brachaeluridae File:Blindshark.jpg Blind sharks 1 2 Blind sharks are found in shallow coastal waters up to Template:Convert deep off the eastern coast of Australia.<ref name=FB>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> They are distinguished by the presence of long barbels, large spiracles, and grooves around the nostrils. They have two dorsal fins, placed close together on the back, and a relatively short tail. Blind sharks feed on small fish, cuttlefish, sea anemones, and crustaceans. The female retains the eggs in her body until they hatch (ovoviviparity), during which time the embryos feed solely on the egg yolk.<ref name=FB /> Despite their name, blind sharks are not blind; their name comes from their habit of closing their eyes when taken out of water.<ref name=FB/> There are only two species.
Ginglymostomatidae File:Nurse shark.jpg Nurse sharks 3 4 Nurse sharks have long tails and distinctive mouths which are far ahead of the eyes and before the snout (subterminal), an indication of the bottom-dwelling (benthic) nature of these sharks. Also present on the lower jaw are two fleshy barbels, chemosensory organs which help the nurse sharks find prey hidden in the sediments. Common in shallow, tropical, and subtropical waters, these sharks are sluggish and docile bottom-dwellers. Nurse sharks typically attack humans only if directly threatened. The largest species can reach a length of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>
Hemiscylliidae File:Chiloscyllium griseum Oceanopolis.jpg Bamboo sharks 2 extant 4 extinct 16 extant 6 extinct Bamboo sharks, sometimes called longtail carpet sharks, are distinguished by a relatively long snout with subterminal nostrils.<ref name="compagno">Template:Cite book</ref> They are relatively small sharks, with the largest species reaching only Template:Convert in length. They have elongated, cylindrical bodies, with short barbels and large spiracles. As their common name suggests, they have unusually long tails, exceeding the length of the rest of their bodies. They are found in shallow waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific. They are sluggish fish, feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates and smaller fish.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>
Orectolobidae File:Tasseled wobbegong shark.jpg Wobbegong sharks 3 extant 1 extinct 12 extant 1 extinct Wobbegong sharks are well camouflaged with symmetric, bold patterns resembling a carpet. The camouflage is improved by the presence of small weed-like whisker lobes surrounding the jaw, which help to camouflage it and act as sensory barbs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Wobbegongs are bottom-dwelling and spend much time resting on the sea floor. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean, chiefly around Australia and Indonesia. Most species have a maximum length of Template:Convert or less, and the largest reach about Template:Convert in length. Wobbegongs are generally not dangerous to humans unless provoked.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Parascylliidae File:Cirrhoscyllium japonicum nagoya.jpg Collared carpet sharks 2 8 Collared carpet sharks have elongated, slender bodies, cat-like eyes, and barbels behind their chins. They are found only in the shallow waters of the western Pacific. They are relatively small sharks, with the largest species reaching no more than Template:Convert in adult length.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>
Rhincodontidae File:Similan Dive Center - great whale shark.jpg Whale sharks 1 1 The whale shark is the largest extant fish species, growing over 12 m (40 ft) long and weighing over 20 tonnes (45,000 lb). It is a slow-moving filter feeder with a very large mouth, feeding mainly, though not exclusively, on plankton. The whale shark is a pelagic species, living in the open sea in tropical and warm oceans with a lifespan around 70 years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> The IUCN has assessed it as Endangered.<ref name="iucn">Template:Cite iucn</ref>

Stegostomatidae File:Océanopolis - les aquariums 010.JPG Zebra sharks 1 1 Zebra sharks are distinctive in appearance, with five longitudinal ridges on a cylindrical body, a low caudal fin comprising nearly half the total length, and a pattern of dark spots on a pale background. They grow to a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), and are found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, frequenting coral reefs and sandy flats to a depth of 62 m (210 ft). They are nocturnal and spend most of the day resting motionless on the sea floor. They are innocuous to humans. The IUCN has assessed them as endangered and their populations are likely in decline.<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>

Extant speciesEdit

Order Orectolobiformes

Fossil generaEdit

File:Phorcynis catulina.jpg
Full body fossil of the Jurassic genus Phorcynis

The following fossil genera are recognized:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Shark nav Template:Chondrichthyes Template:Selachimorpha Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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