Cercis
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Cercis Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of about 10 species in the subfamily Cercidoideae of the pea family Fabaceae.<ref name="GRIN"/> It contains small deciduous trees or large shrubs commonly known as redbuds in the USA.<ref name="ITIS">{{#if:25781 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon
| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25781 | title = Cercis | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}
| Template:Citation error }}</ref> They are characterised by simple, rounded to heart-shaped leaves and pinkish-red flowers borne in the early spring on bare leafless shoots, on both branches and trunk ("cauliflory"). The genus contains ten species, native to warm temperate regions of North America, southern Europe, western and central Asia, and China.<ref name = powo>Ceratonia L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</ref>
Cercis is derived from the Greek word κερκις (kerkis) meaning "weaver's shuttle", which was applied by Theophrastus to C. siliquastrum<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> due to the resemblance of the dry seed pod to a loom shuttle.
Cercis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including mouse moth and Automeris io (both recorded on eastern redbud). The bark of C. chinensis has been used in Chinese medicine as an antiseptic.<ref>redbud. (2008). In The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/redbud</ref>
Cercis fossils have been found that date to the Eocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="MissisippiMiocene">Template:Cite journal</ref>
SpeciesEdit
Cercis comprises the following species:<ref name = powo/><ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="ITIS"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Fritsch, P.W. 2018">Fritsch, P.W., C.F. Nowell, L.S.T. Leatherman, W. Gong, B.C. Cruz, D.O. Burge, and A. Delgado-Salinas. 2018. Leaf adaptations and species boundaries in North American Cercis: implications for the evolution of dry floras. American Journal of Botany 105(9): 1577–1594.</ref>
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The Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) is 10–15 m tall tree native to the south of Europe and southwest Asia. It is found in Iberia, southern France, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, and Asia Minor, and forms a low tree with a flat spreading head. In early spring it is covered with a profusion of magenta flowers which appear before the leaves. The flowers are edible and are sometimes eaten in a mixed salad or made into fritters with a flavor described as an agreeably acidic bite. The tree was frequently figured in the 16th and 17th-century herbals. It is said to be the tree from which Judas Iscariot hanged himself after betraying Christ, but the name may also derive from "Judea's tree", after the region encompassing Israel and Palestine where the tree is commonplace.
A smaller Eastern American woodland understory tree, the eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, is common from southernmost Canada to Piedmont, Alabama, and East Texas. It differs from C. siliquastrum in its pointed leaves and slightly smaller size (rarely over 12 m tall). The flowers are also used in salads and for making pickled relish, while the inner bark of twigs gives a mustard-yellow dye. It is commonly grown as an ornamental.<ref name="Garden Use">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The related western redbud, Cercis occidentalis, ranges from California east to Utah primarily in foothill regions. Its leaves are more rounded at the tip than the relatively heart-shaped leaves of the eastern redbud. The tree often forms multi-trunked colonies that are covered in bright pink flowers in early spring (February - March). White-flowered variants are in cultivation. It buds only once a year.Template:Citation needed
The species of Cercis in North America form a clade. Hopkins (1942)<ref>Hopkins, M. 1942. Cercis in North America. Rhodora 44: 192--211.</ref> established a two-species system for North America which is still widely recognized. Alternatively, based on an exploratory morphometric analysis, Isely (1975)<ref>Isely, D. 1975. Leguminosae of the United States: II. Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 25(2): 1--228.</ref> inferred up to six separate entities (“phases”). Barneby (1989)<ref>Barneby, R. C. 1989. Fabales. In: A. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal, and P. K. Holmgren, eds. 1989. Intermountain Flora Volume Three. Part B. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden Press.</ref> recognized only one continental species and treated all of western North American Cercis as C. canadensis var. orbiculata, but the justification was cursory and not definitive. Morphometric studies of North American Cercis <ref>Fritsch, P. W., A. M. Schiller, and K. W. Larson. 2009. Taxonomic implications of morphological variation in Cercis canadensis (Fabaceae) from Mexico and adjacent parts of Texas. Syst. Bot. 34: 510--520.</ref><ref name="Fritsch, P.W. 2018"/> indicate that, although morphological variation is strongly correlated with geography across North America, considerable overlap in flower, fruit, and leaf characters limit their use for taxon delimitation.
In contrast to morphology, molecular phylogenetic analyses recover three geographically well-defined clades within North America, with California Cercis forming a clade that is sister to a clade formed by Colorado Plateau and eastern North American clades.<ref name="Fritsch, P.W. 2018"/> Molecular dating suggests a divergence time among these three clades of at least 12 million years. These clades were also inferred from a distance-based analysis of Cercis in the United States with isozyme data as reported in an unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Ballenger 1992). On the basis of these studies, Cercis is treated as comprising three species, with the Colorado Plateau and all Arizona specimens recognized as C. orbiculata, distinct from C. occidentalis from California and C. canadensis from eastern North America. This delimitation of species will also be employed for the treatment of the genus for Flora of North America (Ballenger and Vincent, in preparation).
The chain-flowered redbud (Cercis racemosa) from western China is unusual in the genus in having its flowers in pendulous Template:Convert racemes, as in a Laburnum, rather than short clusters.Template:Citation needed
WoodEdit
The wood is medium weight, somewhat brittle, of light tan color with a noticeably large heartwood area of darker brown, tinged with red. The wood has attractive figuring and is used in wood turning, for making decorative items and in the production of wood veneer.
GalleryEdit
- Cercis Siliquastrum blossom closeup.jpg
Cercis siliquastrum flowers on a mature branch
- Cercis siliquastrum0.jpg
Cercis siliquastrum flowers and old seed pods
- RedbudBlossoms20070325.jpg
New redbud blossoms
- Cercis yunnanensis -3.JPG
Cercis glabra in tissue culture
- Eastern redbud.jpg
Eastern redbud or white redbud at Missouri Botanical Garden
- RedbudPollen.TIF
Cercis sp. pollen shot on an SEM
- Cercis yunnanensis (Jardin des Plantes de Paris) 1.jpg
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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- USDA PLANTS Profile
- International Plant Names Index [1]
- Tropicos [2]