Chemical castration
Template:Short description Template:Pp-protect Chemical castration is castration via anaphrodisiac drugs, whether to reduce libido and sexual activity, to treat cancer, or otherwise. Unlike surgical castration, where the gonads are removed through an incision in the body,<ref name=WashPost>"Can Castration Be a Solution for Sex Offenders? Man Who Mutilated Himself in Jail Thinks So, but Debate on Its Effectiveness Continues in Va., Elsewhere" by Candace Rondeaux for the Washington Post, July 5, 2006</ref> chemical castration does not remove organs and is not a form of sterilization.<ref name="Social-Justice-1999">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Chemical castration is generally reversible when treatment is discontinued,<ref name="Reversible">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although permanent effects in body chemistry can sometimes be seen, as in the case of bone density loss increasing with length of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). In men, chemical castration reduces sex drive and the capacity for sexual arousal, side effects of some drugs may include depression, suicidal ideation, hot flashes, anemia, infertility, increase in body fat and higher risks of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. In women, chemical castration acts by decreasing testosterone levels in order to lower their sex drive, side effects include the deflation of breast glands, expansion of the size of the nipple and shrinking of bone mass.
In some jurisdictions, chemical castration has been used to reduce the libido of sexual offenders.<ref name=":1" /> The effectiveness of chemical castration in decreasing recidivism among sex offenders is controversial.Template:TOC limit
EffectsEdit
On malesEdit
When used on males, these drugs can reduce sex drive, sexual fantasies, and capacity for sexual arousal. Life-threatening side effects are rare, but some users show increases in body fat and reduced bone density, which increase long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, respectively. Males may also experience gynecomastia (development of larger-than-normal mammary glands in males); full development is less common unless chemical castration is combined with feminizing oestrogen therapy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Some drugs, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate, cyproterone acetate and LHRH agonists can decrease serum testosterone and estradiol in the body, thus impairing the metabolism of glucose and lipid. These drugs can also cause depression, hot flashes, infertility and anemia, aside from cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The risk of side effects caused by chemical castration drugs can increase depending on the length of time under which they are administered.<ref name=":0" /> A 2004 study in which eleven men were chemically castrated ended with one committing suicide after one year of treatment;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in another 2020 study, increases in suicidal ideations was reported by 8% of its treatment group, which led to the hospitalization of two of the 25 subjects who had been administered degarelix.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On femalesEdit
Template:Further When used on females, the effects are similar, though there is little research about chemically lowering female's sex drive or female-specific anaphrodisiacs, since most research focuses on the opposite, but anti-androgenic hormone regimens would lower testosterone in females which can impact sex drive or sexual response.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These drugs also deflate the breast glands and expand the size of the nipple. Also seen is a sudden shrinking in bone mass and discoloration of the lips,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> reduced body hair,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and muscle mass.<ref>Can drugs help sex offenders? by Clare Murphy for the BBC, 13 June 2007</ref>
Treatment for sex offendersEdit
The first use of chemical castration occurred in 1944, when diethylstilbestrol was used with the purpose of lowering men's testosterone.<ref name=JAAPL /> The antipsychotic agent benperidol was sometimes used to decrease sexual urges in people who displayed what was thought of as inappropriate sexual behavior, and as likewise given by depot injection, though benperidol does not affect testosterone and is therefore not a castration agent. Chemical castration was often seen as an easier alternative to life imprisonment or the death penalty because it allowed the release of the convicted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1981, in an experiment by Pierre Gagné, 48 males with long-standing histories of sexually deviant behaviour were given medroxyprogesterone acetate for as long as 12 months. Forty of those subjects were recorded as having diminished desires for deviant sexual behaviour, as well as less frequent sexual fantasies and greater control over sexual urges. The research recorded a continuation of this improved behaviour after the administration of the drug had ended, with no evidence of adverse side effects, and so recommended medroxyprogesterone acetate along with counselling as a successful method of treatment for serial sex offenders.<ref name="apa">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Leuprolide acetate is an LHRH agonist that is most commonly used in chemical castration today.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This drug has been observed as having higher rates of success in reducing abnormal sexual urges and fantasies, but is often reserved for those offenders who are at a high risk of reoffending due to the drug's intense effects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Psychotherapy has also recently been used in conjunction with chemical castration in order to maximize and prolong the beneficial results.<ref name=Guay2009>Template:Cite journal</ref> Schober et al. reported in 2005 that when cognitive behavioral therapy combined with leuprolide acetetate was compared to cognitive behavioral therapy alone, the combination therapy produced a much more significant reduction of pedophilic fantasies and urges as well as masturbation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Chemical castration therapy reduces an individual's libido which then makes some offenders more responsive to the introduction of psychotherapy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This combination therapy is most often utilized in those who are at a high risk of offending.<ref name=Guay2009/>
Offering criminals the option of chemical castration for a reduction in sentence is an example of compulsory sterilization<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as it can leave a subject sterile if they are required to continue treatment for more than 3 years.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2025, British Justice Secretary Shabana Mahmood announced that chemical castration would roll out regionally across Britain and that she would consider requiring it.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Scientific critiqueEdit
Some criminologists argue that the lower recidivism rates seen in male sex offenders who undergo chemical castration might not be due to the medication's biological effects. Instead, one hypothesis is that men who agree to chemical castration — often in exchange for a shorter prison sentence — may simply be more motivated to stay out of prison than those who refuse the treatment. These men might also be more skilled at hiding any new offences, making it appear as though they reoffend less when they actually do not. Additionally, there could be investigation bias, in that police and parole officers might assume castrated men are less dangerous and therefore be less thorough when investigating them and thus causing a self-fulfilling prophecy (in the assumption that castrated men are less dangerous), which could artificially lower the apparent recidivism rate. Some criminologists even suggest that offenders may sell their prescribed medications on the black market, giving them extra income to fund ways to conceal their criminal behaviour more effectively than untreated offenders.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>
Separately, some neurologists acknowledge that testosterone plays a role in sexual arousal but argue that simply lowering sex drive may not reduce inappropriate sexual behaviour. They explain that when internal sexual arousal signals are weaker (because of reduced testosterone), individuals may require stronger and more specific external stimuli to achieve satisfaction. This could make it harder for former offenders to manage their remaining sex drive through ordinary masturbation without pornography or other preferred stimuli. In other words, reducing sex drive biologically might inadvertently increase the need for risky or socially unacceptable outlets rather than solving the underlying behavioural problems.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>
Chemical castration by countryEdit
AfricaEdit
South AfricaEdit
In July 2022, a proposed policy of chemical castration for rapists was introduced at the national policy conference of the ruling party, the African National Congress, by the party's Women's League.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
AmericasEdit
ArgentinaEdit
In March 2010, Guillermo Fontana of CNN reported that officials in Mendoza, a province in Argentina, approved the use of voluntary chemical castration for rapists, in return for reduced sentences.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
United StatesEdit
In 1966, John Money became the first American to employ chemical castration by prescribing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) as a treatment for a "Bisexual transvestite with pedophiliac homosexual incest" who was in 'treatment' after their wife informed Money about them having sexually abused their 6-year-old son.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The drug has thereafter become a mainstay of chemical castration in America. Despite having been extensively used in the United States for the purpose of decreasing sexual impulses, the drug has never been approved by the FDA for use as a treatment for sexual offenders.<ref name="JAAPL" />
California was the first U.S. state to specify the use of chemical castration for repeat child molesters as a condition of their parole, following the passage of a modification to Section 645 of the California penal code in 1996.<ref name="califsenate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The web page notes the Chemical Castration clause as a repeal and an addition to Section 645.</ref><ref name="cnn">Template:Cite news</ref> This law stipulates castration for anyone convicted of child molestation with a minor under 13 years of age if they are on parole after their second offense. Offenders may not reject the intervention,<ref name="califsenate" /><ref name="cnn" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> although they may elect surgical castration instead of ongoing DMPA injections.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The passage of this law led to similar laws in other states such as Florida's Statute Section 794.0235 which was passed into law in 1997.<ref name="floridalawreview">Template:Cite journal</ref>
At least seven other states, including Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, Oregon, Texas and Wisconsin, have experimented with chemical castration.<ref name="JAAPL" /> In Iowa, as in California and Florida, offenders may be sentenced to chemical castration in all cases involving serious sex offenses. On June 25, 2008, following the Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana that the execution of child rapists where the victim was not killed was ruled unconstitutional,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed Senate Bill 144, allowing Louisiana judges to sentence convicted rapists to chemical castration.<ref name="aclufl" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Florida 794">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Alabama passed such a law in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The American Civil Liberties Union of Florida opposes the administration of any drug that is dangerous or has significant irreversible effect as an alternative to incarceration; however, they do not oppose the use of antiandrogen drugs for sex offenders under carefully controlled circumstances as an alternative to incarceration.<ref name="aclufl">Template:Cite journal</ref> Law professor John Stinneford has argued that chemical castration is a cruel and unusual punishment because it exerts control over the mind of sex offenders to render them incapable of sexual desire and subjects them to the physical changes caused by the hormones used.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Some people have argued that, based on the 14th Amendment, the procedure fails to guarantee equal protection: although the laws mandating the treatment do so without respect to gender, the actual effect of the procedure disproportionately falls upon men.<ref name=JAAPL>"Castration of Sex Offenders: Prisoners’ Rights Versus Public Safety" Template:Webarchive Charles L. Scott, MD, and Trent Holmberg, MD</ref> In the case of voluntary statutes, the ability to give informed consent is also an issue; in 1984, the U.S. state of Michigan's court of appeals held that mandating chemical castration as a condition of probation was unlawful on the grounds that the drug medroxyprogesterone acetate had not yet gained acceptance as being safe and reliable and also due to the difficulty of obtaining informed consent under these circumstances.<ref name="JAAPL" />
AsiaEdit
IndiaEdit
After the outrage following the gang rape of a woman in Delhi, the Government has submitted a draft proposing chemical castration along with an imprisonment of up to 30 years for rape convicts as part of the anti-rape law in India. The ministry is preparing a detailed bill and the recommended changes are under review.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Government is also planning to re-define the Juvenile Act and lower their age. One of the accused in the rape case is a juvenile and aged a few months less than 18 years. A view has been expressed by a section that only those below 15 years should be described as juvenile.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IndonesiaEdit
In 2016, the Indonesian President Joko Widodo introduced a presidential regulation (Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No.1/2016) to allow chemical castration to be handed down as a punishment to child sex offenders. The regulation alters the contents of the 2002 Law on Child Protection (Law No. 23 of 2002).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> DPR later enacted the regulation and amended the law (Law No. 17 of 2016) to enable chemical castration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although, a convicted child sex offender convicted in 2019 and eligible to be castrated chemically, the technical details on how the punishment will be carried out was under debate between the Government and Indonesian Physicians Association, resulting the sentence suspended until the technical details made.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 7 December 2020, government finally issued Government Regulation No. 70/2020, that detailing technical details on how chemical castration carried out. The chemical castration punishment carried by specifically appointed physician in central government-run or local government-run hospital, and witnessed by witnesses from Attorney General, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Health. The drugs used for the sentence however, not declared in the government regulation. The government regulation also authorized Ministry of Law and Human Rights to issue regulation to notify the Attorney General, and Ministry of Health to compile the technical procedure for the clinical assessment, conclusion, and implementation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IsraelEdit
In May 2009, two brothers from Haifa—convicted child molesters—agreed to undergo chemical castration to avoid committing further crimes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
PakistanEdit
In 2020, Pakistan's Prime Minister Imran Khan told a journalist that he would prefer that rapists and child molesters be publicly hanged, but he added that, because he imagined that such capital punishment would gain negative attention for Pakistan on the international stage, he would instead like such offenders to "undergo chemical castration, or surgery be performed so they cannot do anything in future."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Anti-Rape Ordinance 2020, approved by President Arif Alvi in December 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> allows for chemical castration of rapists without the consent of the offender.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lawmakers gave it permanent approval in November 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
South KoreaEdit
In July 2011, South Korea enacted a law allowing judges the power to sentence sex offenders who have attacked children under the age of 16 to chemical castration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The law also allows for chemical castration to be ordered by a Ministry of Justice committee. On May 23, 2012, a serial sex offender legally called Park in the court case was ordered by the committee to undergo this treatment after his most recent attempted offense. On January 3, 2013, a South Korean court sentenced a 31-year-old man to 15 years in jail and chemical castration, the country's first-ever chemical castration sentence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, the sentencing was extended to include all forms of rapes and sexual assault cases against women, including attempted rape.
EuropeEdit
Legislation allowing chemical castration exists in France, the United Kingdom, Poland, Russia, North Macedonia, Belgium and Turkey.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp The drug cyproterone acetate has been commonly used for chemical castration throughout Europe. It resembles the drug MPA used in America.<ref name=JAAPL />
EstoniaEdit
On June 5, 2012, Estonia passed a law that allows voluntary chemical castration as a part of complex treatment for less serious sex offenders as an alternative of imprisonment. However, the treatment is rarely used in practice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GermanyEdit
In the 1960s, German physicians used antiandrogens as a treatment for sexual paraphilia.<ref name=JAAPL />
MoldovaEdit
On March 6, 2012, Moldova legislated forcible chemical castration of child molesters; the law came into effect on July 1, 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
North MacedoniaEdit
In October and November 2013, North Macedonia authorities were working on developing a legal framework and standard procedure for implementation of chemical castration that would be used for convicted child molesters. The castration is intended to be voluntarily, where as for the child molesters that repeat the criminal act it should be mandatory.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PolandEdit
On September 25, 2009, Poland legislated forcible chemical castration of child molesters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This law came into effect on June 9, 2010; therefore in Poland "anyone guilty of raping a child under the age of 15 can now be forced to submit to chemical and psychological therapy to reduce sex drive at the end of a prison term".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PortugalEdit
In 2008, an experimental intervention program was launched in three Portuguese prisons: Carregueira (Belas, Sintra), Paços de Ferreira and Funchal. The program developers note the voluntary nature of the program a crucial factor in its success. They initially planned to cover ten inmates per prison, contemplating a possible enlargement to other prisons in the future. The program also included a rehabilitation component.<ref name="Portugal">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2021, the right-wing populist Chega party pushed for a chemical castration bill in parliament.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RussiaEdit
In October 2011, the Russian parliament approved a law that allows a court-requested forensic psychiatrist to prescribe the chemical castration of convicted sex offenders who have harmed children under the age of 14.Template:Citation needed
United KingdomEdit
In the United Kingdom, computer scientist Alan Turing, famous for his contributions to mathematics and computer science, pleaded guilty in 1952 to a charge of gross indecency for engaging in homosexual acts and accepted chemical castration as a term of his probation, thus avoiding imprisonment.<ref name="Independent" /> At the time, homosexual acts between males were illegal and homosexual orientation was widely considered to be a mental illness that could be treated with chemical castration.<ref name="Independent">The Turing enigma: Campaigners demand pardon for mathematics genius by Jonathan Brown for the Independent, August 18, 2009</ref> Turing experienced side effects such as gynecomastia (breast enlargement)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and bloating of the physique.<ref name="Independent" /> He died two years later, with the inquest returning a verdict of suicide.<ref name="BBC-Turing">Thousands call for Turing apology, BBC, 31 August 2009</ref> In 2009 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown issued a public apology for the "appalling" treatment of Turing after an online petition gained 30,000 signatures and international recognition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was given a posthumous Royal Pardon in December 2013.
A three year trial of voluntary chemical castration was introduced in the UK in 2007 by then home secretary John Reid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On April 30, 2010, a 30-year-old man in the United Kingdom found guilty of attempting to murder a 60-year-old woman in order to abduct and rape her two granddaughters (aged eight and two) agreed to undergo chemical castration as part of the terms of his sentence. He was jailed for a minimum of 10 years at the High Court in Glasgow.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OceaniaEdit
AustraliaEdit
In 2010, a 58-year-old repeat child sex offender who had been subject to chemical castration was accused of inappropriately touching and kissing a seven-year-old young girl. He was found not guilty by a jury, which was not informed of the context of his previous offenses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
New ZealandEdit
In New Zealand, the antilibidinal drug cyproterone acetate is sold under the name Androcur. In November 2000 convicted child sex offender Robert Jason Dittmer attacked a victim while on the drug. In 2009 a study into the effectiveness of the drug by Dr David Wales for the Corrections Department found that no research had been conducted in New Zealand into the effectiveness and such trials were "ethically and practically very difficult to carry out."<ref name="Stuff.co.nz_5264564">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Treatment of cancerEdit
A major medical use of chemical castration is in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers, such as some prostate cancer, where it has largely replaced the practice of surgical castration.<ref name="cruk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="LIFEonADT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020, a man in Canada who was receiving antiandrogen drug treatment for colon cancer murdered his doctor over the belief that they were chemically castrating him due to his race.
Chemical castration involves the administration of antiandrogen drugs, such as cyproterone acetate, flutamide, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists.