Chesapeake Bay Bridge
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The Gov. William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bridge (informally called the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and, locally, the Bay Bridge) is a major dual-span bridge in the U.S. state of Maryland. Spanning the Chesapeake Bay, it connects the state's rural Eastern Shore region with its urban and suburban Western Shore, running between Stevensville and Sandy Point State Park near the capital city of Annapolis. The original span, opened in 1952 and with a length of Template:Convert, was the world's longest continuous over-water steel structure. The parallel span was added in 1973. The bridge is named for William Preston Lane Jr., who as the 52nd Governor of Maryland launched its construction in the late 1940s after decades of political indecision and public controversy.
The bridge is part of U.S. Route 50 (US 50) and US 301, and serves as a vital link in both routes. As part of cross-country US 50, it connects the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area with Ocean City, Maryland, Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, and other coastal tourist destinations. As part of US 301, it serves as part of an alternative route for Interstate 95 travelers, between northern Delaware and the Washington, D.C., area. The bridge is busy and often congested with traffic, particularly during peak hours and summer months.
The bridge's role in transportation was filled by ferries before the first span's construction. The bridge has fostered the state's economic growth, particularly of Queen Anne's County and Ocean City. Further expansion of the bridge has been discussed since 2004, with a task force being formed to investigate the possibility of building a third span.
HistoryEdit
Proposals and ferriesEdit
It is possible that studies may have been conducted as early as the 1880s into the possibility of a bridge across the Chesapeake Bay.<ref name="factsheet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the first known proposal came about in 1907 and called for a crossing between Baltimore and Tolchester Beach.<ref name="preservationmd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1927, local businesspeople were authorized to finance the construction of a Baltimore to Tolchester Beach crossing. Plans for the new bridge were made, but construction was canceled following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 with the collapse of the American economy and resulting Great Depression of the 1930s.<ref name="factsheet" />
Ferries were used as the main mode of transportation across the bay from the colonial period until the completion of the 1952 bridge. The first service ran from Annapolis to Broad Creek on Kent Island, roughly where the bridge is today.<ref name="MDOE-KI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1919, the Claiborne–Annapolis Ferry Company began running ferries between Annapolis and Claiborne, a community near St. Michaels.
In July 1930, the Claiborne–Annapolis Ferry Company added a new route, one running from Annapolis to Matapeake, a significantly shorter distance.<ref name="whatsupmedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The auto and passenger ferries were taken over by the State Roads Commission in 1941 (reorganized into today's State Highway Administration of the Maryland Department of Transportation in 1973). Two years later, the commission moved the western terminus of the old Annapolis–Matapeake ferry to Sandy Point (later adjacent to Sandy Point State Park), shortening the cross-bay trip.<ref name="whatsupmedia" />
Construction of 1952 spanEdit
A 1938 proposal by the Maryland General Assembly was the first to call for a bridge at the Sandy Point–Kent Island location.<ref name="preservationmd" /> Although the legislation authorizing the new bridge passed, the involvement of the United States in World War II delayed the bridge's construction. In 1947, with the war over, the Assembly, under the leadership of Maryland Governor William Preston Lane Jr., (1892–1967), passed legislation directing the old State Roads Commission to begin construction.<ref name="factsheet" /> Ground was broken in January 1949, and after a Template:Frac-year construction project, the bridge opened to traffic on July 30, 1952, as both the longest continuous over-water steel structure, and the third longest bridge in the world.<ref name="baybridge.com-engineering feats">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Before the opening, a parade of vehicles made the first official crossing, led by then current Governor Theodore Roosevelt McKeldin, (1900–1974), and other state officials in a distinctive white Cadillac convertible flying huge American and Maryland flags.<ref name="baybridge.com-history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On November 9, 1967, the bridge was dedicated to Governor Lane, who had died earlier that year, and officially renamed the "William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bridge".<ref name="factsheet" />
1973 expansion and later constructionEdit
In 1967, due to increasing traffic volume, the Maryland General Assembly authorized three possible new crossings, all suggested during the 1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study.<ref name="kentalliance">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These included one further north near Baltimore, one in southern Maryland, and an additional span to be added to the existing bridge from Kent Island to Sandy Point; ultimately, the third option was chosen. Construction of the new parallel span began in 1969 to the north of the original bridge, and it was completed on June 28, 1973.<ref name="baybridge.com-history" />
From 1986 to 1988, the eastbound Chesapeake Bay Bridge had its deck replaced. This resulted in all traffic temporarily using the westbound span.<ref name="dc roads">http://www.dcroads.net/crossings/bay-bridge/</ref>
From 2006 to 2010, the westbound Chesapeake Bay Bridge had its deck replaced.<ref name="dc roads"/>
Notable incidentsEdit
Template:Multiple image Because of its height, the narrowness of the spans (there are no hard shoulders), the low guardrails, and the frequency of high winds, it is often cited as one of the scariest bridges in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several weather-related incidents have caused complete closures of the bridge.
The bridge has been closed four times due to extreme weather. The first time was September 18, 2003, during Hurricane Isabel and its high winds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On August 27, 2011, the bridge was closed to all traffic due to the impact of Hurricane Irene. Then-Governor Martin O'Malley ordered the bridge closed when sustained winds exceeded Template:Convert. On October 29, 2012, the bridge was closed due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On March 6, 2013, during the March 2013 nor'easter, high winds again caused the bridge to be closed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On August 10, 2008, a tractor trailer involved in a head-on collision near the west end fell from the bridge; the driver died in the crash.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The incident highlighted concern that the bridge may not be structurally safe, but the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA) discounted any structural or engineering problems with it.<ref name="structsafe-wjz">Template:Cite news</ref> Inspections of the wall in the weeks following the accident revealed that there was deterioration in the form of corrosion of the steel reinforcements inside barriers; this prompted immediate repairs to the wall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On June 24, 2024, traffic on both spans was suspended for nearly 30 minutes in late morning as the cargo ship MV Dali passed under, escorted by tugboats, on its journey from the Port of Baltimore to Virginia International Gateway in Norfolk, VA. The Dali had collided with Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge on March 26, leading to that bridge's collapse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Specifications and operationsEdit
With shore-to-shore lengths of Template:Convert,<ref name="factsheet" /><ref name="quickfacts" /> the two spans of the bridge form the longest fixed water crossing in Maryland.<ref name="wtopspecs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bridge's western terminus is in Sandy Point State Park, located northeast of Annapolis in Anne Arundel County, and its eastern terminus is in Stevensville on Kent Island in Queen Anne's County. The two spans are relatively similar in height, with the older span at Template:Convert and the newer span at Template:Convert.<ref name="quickfacts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Structural detailsEdit
With the exception of the number of lanes on each (two on the original span and three on the newer span) and differences owing to the design standards for the periods in which they were built, the spans are structurally similar. Both were designed by J. E. Greiner Company,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which later became a part of AECOM through the company's acquisition of URS Corporation. Each span features:
- Two main spans over the bay's two shipping channels:
- A Template:Convert long suspension section over the western channel with a maximum clearance of Template:Convert at the Template:Convert main span<ref name="quickfacts" />—high enough to accommodate ocean-going vessels and tall ships
- A through-truss Template:Convert cantilever span over the eastern channel<ref name="dcroads1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Deck truss and steel girder spans flanking the main spans
- Concrete beam spans on the portions closest to the shores
- A curve near the western terminus, which is required so that the main spans cross the bay's shipping channels at 90 degrees per United States Army Corps of Engineers requirements<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Traffic controlEdit
Traffic patterns on the bridge's five lanes can be adjusted via its lane control system, which consists of overhead lane control signals on both spans and approaches.<ref name="quickfacts" /> Typically, the two lanes on the south-most span are configured for vehicles traveling east on eastbound US 50/US 301, while the three lanes on the north-most span are configured for vehicles traveling west on westbound US 50/US 301; the spans are therefore referred to as the "eastbound span" and "westbound span", respectively.<ref name="factsheet" /> However, this pattern is adjusted during incidents or peak travel times: for instance, on the outset of weekends when there is a high volume of beach-bound traffic, one lane on the westbound span is configured for eastbound traffic.<ref name="quickfacts" />
In 2006, pink markers were placed along the eastbound span to mark out the suggested following distance, similar to systems used in Minnesota and Pennsylvania. The markers are a part of the MDTA's "Pace Your Space" campaign to prevent vehicle collisions and traffic congestion due to tailgating on the bridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 2013, changes were made to increase safety on the westbound span during two-way operations: signs, pavement markings, and rumble strips were modified, and a buffer zone between the left and center lanes was created. As a result, motorists can no longer switch between the left and center lanes, whether or not two-way operations are in effect.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two-way traffic may occur on the eastbound span during overnight roadwork or during emergency situations that close the westbound span, on which two-way traffic is more common. When the MDTA closes either span for overnight roadwork, it implements two-way traffic on the span that remains open. During eastbound span closure, two-way traffic operates on the westbound span with the center lane closed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In January 2020, Governor Larry Hogan announced that the tollbooths on the eastbound side of bridge were being removed in preparation for all-electronic tolling on the Kent Island side of the eastbound bridge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The merged lanes tie directly into the two lanes on the eastbound bridge. The MDTA is replacing lane control signals on both bridges with those that have flashing strobe lights to indicate a lane closure or a lane with contraflow traffic, and is installing an automated gate system on the bridge to allow quicker implementation of two-way traffic on the bridge. The automated gate system will reduce traffic congestion when implementing two-way traffic. Illuminated pavement markings will be installed to show where the crossovers are during two-way traffic operations. MDTA crews will no longer have to manually open and close the crossovers for two-way traffic operations.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref>
The MDTA has used traffic cones and barrels to open and close crossovers, and to create tapers for the reversible lane. When two-way traffic is implemented, the MDTA momentarily stops traffic to reposition traffic cones and barrels to taper traffic into the reversible lane. MDTA Police then escort traffic across the bridge in the reversible lane. The MDTA will not implement two-way traffic in certain weather conditions, including excess precipitation and high winds. The MDTA may stop all traffic when the wind speed exceeds 55 mph.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two-way traffic on the bridge requires all associated signage and systems to be operational.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The MDTA has to monitor two-way traffic operations on the bridge due to the length of the bridge and its lack of shoulders. The MDTA will stop two-way traffic if westbound delays pile up, at which point westbound traffic will be prioritized. Any time contraflow traffic is implemented on either of the bridges, the speed limit for the contraflow lane is reduced to 40 mph while the other lanes remain at 50 mph.<ref name="contraflowinfo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> MDTA Police will momentarily stop traffic for MDTA crews to reposition traffic cones and barrels to close off the left lane leading up to the bridge in the event of inclement weather during contraflow traffic.<ref name="contraflowinfo" />
Tolls and feesEdit
Operated by the MDTA, the bridge has a one-way toll (eastbound) of $4.00 for two-axle vehicles; vehicles with a Maryland E-ZPass pay $2.50.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Previously the bridge had a one-way (eastbound) toll of $6.00 for two-axle vehicles (raised from $4 on July 1, 2013); vehicles with E-ZPass that were enrolled in the Bay Bridge Commuter Plan paid $2.10 (raised from $1 on July 1, 2013).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tolls were collected in both directions until April 1989, when tolls were doubled and only collected in the Eastbound direction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2005, E-ZPass lanes were added at the Chesapeake Bay Toll Plaza.<ref name="dc roads"/>
All-electronic tolling began on May 12, 2020, with tolls payable through E-ZPass or Video Tolling, which uses automatic license plate recognition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The MDTA previously provided transportation across the bridge for nervous drivers, but that role is now filled by private companies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bay Bridge Walk and RunEdit
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While there are no pedestrian facilities on the bridge, the Bay Bridge Walk and Governor's Bay Bridge Run used to afford an opportunity to cross the bridge on foot, usually on the first Sunday in May.<ref name=release>Template:Cite press release</ref> The events took place on the eastbound span, which was closed to vehicles while two-way traffic shared the westbound span. Participants started on the east end of the bridge (on Kent Island) and proceeded west to the finish near the toll plaza. WMATA and MTA transit buses transported participants between outlying parking areas and the start and finish points.
The run, a 10K race across the bridge, is held early in the morning before the walk. It is conducted by the Annapolis Striders, a local running organization, and controlled by the MDTA and Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Proceeds went to the Chesapeake Bay Trust in support of the bay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first walk was held in 1975,<ref name="Roads to the Future-walk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when a Towson Boy Scout leader asked Governor Marvin Mandel if his troop could walk across the bridge during maintenance.<ref name=release /> The annual walk was canceled for the first time in 1980 due to poor weather conditions, and later saw frequent cancellations throughout the 2000s. During this period the walk was canceled in:
- 2002 and 2007 due to poor weather conditions.<ref name="WJZ-2007 walk cancelled">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Washington Post: race canceled">Template:Cite news</ref>
- 2003 and 2005 due to security concerns.<ref name="Washington Post: race canceled" />
- 2008, 2009, and 2010 due to construction activity in the area on the west side of the bridge where participants would otherwise be staged.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fiscal concerns were also cited as a contributing factor to the 2010 cancellation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 2011 due to fiscal concerns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 2012 for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following its cancellation in 2005, the MDTA considered decreasing the annual frequency of the event, citing traffic, fiscal, manpower, and security concerns. The most recent event (held in 2006) cost over $350,000, and the cost estimate for 2012 was almost $400,000. In late 2011, a non-profit group, the Greater Washington Sports Alliance (GWSA), approached the MDTA Capital Committee to propose sponsoring the event, along with a concert at Sandy Point State Park, at no cost to the MDTA. While the Capital Committee unanimously recommended that the MDTA Board approve the proposal contingent upon an agreement between the GWSA and the MDTA, the 2012 event was ultimately cancelled.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
After increasingly consistent cancellations of the walking event, the MDTA, along with Queen Anne's County, contracted with an outside company to have a professional 10K race across the bridge, which has been labeled the "Across the Bay 10K". The inaugural event occurred November 9, 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Race Director is Dave McGillivray,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who has served in that capacity for the BAA Boston Marathon since 1988. The Across the Bay 10K has several charity beneficiaries, including bay research, bay restoration, and breast cancer research.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The IRONMAN Foundation took over the race's organization in 2016. In 2019, the race was held virtually due to maintenance on the bridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ImpactEdit
Since its construction, the bridge has made significant impacts on both sides of the bay; among them has been the growth of Eastern Shore communities. When the bridge opened in 1952, and again when the second span was added in 1973, the Eastern Shore was given easier access to Baltimore and Washington, causing areas in southern Queen Anne's County to develop as bedroom communities. This extension of the Baltimore–Washington suburbs has led Queen Anne's County to be listed as part of the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area. The bridge has also given easier access to Ocean City from the Western Shore, which has caused Ocean City to grow from a small town to one that is said to become the second largest city in Maryland during the summer.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In 1948, the impending completion of the bridge gave rise to an extension of US 50 to Ocean City.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The route was extended along the corridor of Maryland Route 404 (MD 404) and a large portion of US 213, cutting both of those routes back. During the 1950s, US 50 on the Western Shore was rerouted onto the long-proposed Annapolis–Washington Expressway (now known as the John Hanson Highway), which was built at the time in order to provide better access to the bridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As the Eastern Shore, particularly Ocean City, grew, further upgrades and realignments of US 50 took place. This work included the aforementioned 1973 completion of the second Bay Bridge span, the extension of the US 50 freeway eastward to the US 50/US 301 split in Queenstown, and the construction of a freeway bypass around the north side of Salisbury in 2002. Additionally, the road has been upgraded and realigned over the years from its original two-lane configuration to a four-lane divided highway, with the last such section being in Vienna, bypassed in 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Previous plans to expand US 50's freeway portion and replace the aging Harry W. Kelley Memorial Bridge into Ocean City have been delayed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The bridge is often the site of suicides by jumpers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 1995, more than 75 people had committed suicide during the bridge's 43-year existence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Future expansionEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In December 2004, a study concluded that traffic across the bridge was expected to increase by 40% by 2025. The following year, a task force formed by Governor Bob Ehrlich met to again explore the possibility of establishing a new Chesapeake Bay crossing.<ref name="second bridge">Template:Cite news</ref> The task force concluded that a bridge would be the best option for an additional crossing, and four geographic locations for such a bridge were explored: Anne Arundel County to Queen Anne's County (the existing location), Baltimore County to Kent County, Anne Arundel or Calvert County to Talbot County, and Calvert County to Dorchester County.<ref name="task force pdf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late 2006, the task force released a report on the study but did not make a final recommendation; members of the task force requested additional time to continue the study.<ref name="WTOP-report released">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2020, it was announced that 11 of 14 potential sites for a third span had been rejected by the Maryland Transportation Authority following a $5 million study into the impacts of an additional span. Significant environmental and economic impacts were identified, with a report stating that any additional crossing is "expected to be multiple billions of dollars."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Chesapeake Bay Bridge official website
- Bay Bridge Page at MdTA website
- Roads to the Future website
- Page at dcroads.net
- Live Video Rt 50 Kent Island Template:Webarchive, Live Video Rt 50 Sandy Point Template:Webarchive
- A 1950 comprehensive study of the economic effects of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge (pdf)
- Template:Structurae
- Template:Osmrelation
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