Chota Nagpur Plateau
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox mountain
The Chota Nagpur Plateau (Template:Ipa) is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi river lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately Template:Convert.<ref name=maps>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The name Nagpur is probably taken from Nagavanshis, who ruled in this part of the country. Chhota (small in Hindi) is the misunderstood name of "Chuita" village in the outskirts of Ranchi, which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.<ref name=houlton>Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeologyEdit
FormationEdit
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land.The plateau is composed of Precambrian rocks (i.e., rocks more than about 540 million years old). The plateau has been formed during the Cenozoic by continental uplift due to tectonic forces.<ref name=yashplasingh>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was interrupted by the collision with the Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.<ref name=ecoregion>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The history of metamorphism, granitic activities and igneous intrusions in the Chotanagpur area continued for a period from over 1000 Ma to 185 Ma.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Fossil recordEdit
The Chota Nagpur region has a notable fossil presence. The fossil-rich sedimentary units host fossilized remains across a range of biota, such as angiosperm leaves, fruits, flowers, wood, and fish. This stratigraphy has been associated with the Neogene, specifically the Pliocene epoch, despite a lack of conclusive evidence. Earlier studies identified vertebrate fossils in these sediments, with reported fish fossils with affinities to modern families, linking these deposits to recent ichthyofauna adaptations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
DivisionsEdit
The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where pats as a plateau is locally called, are Template:Convert above sea level. The highest point is Template:Convert. The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is Template:Convert. The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around Template:Convert. It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section – Parasnath Hills rise to a height of Template:Convert and Dalma Hills to Template:Convert.<ref name=houlton/> The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaus or sub-plateaus.
Pat regionEdit
The western plateau with an average elevation of Template:Convert above mean sea level merges into the plateau of the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateau, locally known as pats are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat and others. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan basalt lava.<ref name=overview>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ranchi PlateauEdit
The Ranchi Plateau is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau surface in this part is about Template:Convert and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier the Singhbhum district or what is now the Kolhan division).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> The plateau is highly dissected. The Damodar River originates here and flows through a rift valley.<ref name=yashplasingh/> To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/> To the west is a group of plateaus called pat.<ref name=yashplasingh/>
There are many waterfalls at the edges of the Ranchi plateau where rivers coming from over the plateau surface form waterfalls when they descend through the precipitous escarpments of the plateau and enter the area of significantly lower elevation. The North Karo River has formed the Template:Convert high Pheruaghaugh Falls at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. Such falls are called scarp falls. Hundru Falls (75 m) on the Subarnarekha River near Ranchi, Dassam Falls (39.62 m) on the Kanchi River, east of Ranchi, Sadni Falls (60 m) on the Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great heights forming hanging valleys. At Rajrappa (10 m), the Bhera River coming over from the Ranchi Plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter. The Jonha Falls (25.9 m) is another example of this category of falls. The Ganga River hangs over its master stream, the Raru River (to the east of Ranchi city) and forms the said falls.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hazaribagh PlateauEdit
The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the higher plateau and the lower plateau. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which Hazaribagh town is built is about Template:Convert east by west and Template:Convert north by south with an average elevation of Template:Convert. The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana.<ref name=lister>Template:Cite book</ref> It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/>
The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the Damodar drainage on the south and the Lilajan and Mohana rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south Template:Convert above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation Template:Convert. At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at Template:Convert. Mahabar Jarimo at Template:Convert and Barsot at Template:Convert stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at Template:Convert and Mahuda at Template:Convert are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to Template:Convert. On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of Template:Convert to the bed of Bokaro River, below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills,<ref name=lister/> at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the Grand Trunk Road and NH 2 (new NH19).
Koderma PlateauEdit
The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau<ref name=lister/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, Template:Convert from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of Gaya and those of the Barakar River, which traverses the Koderma and Giridih districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the Lilajan River.The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of Parasnath Hills. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the Jamunia River to the Damodar.<ref name=lister/>
Damodar troughEdit
The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaus resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation by the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the southeastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the Subarnarekha begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chota Nagpur plateau.<ref name=lister/>
PalamuEdit
The Palamu division generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The Son River touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about Template:Convert. The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the North Koel River passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side. Lodh Falls drops from a height of Template:Convert from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Netarhat and Pakripat plateaus are physiographically part of the Pat region.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 159</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Manbhum-SinghbhumEdit
In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present Purulia district in West Bengal, and Dhanbad district and parts of Bokaro district in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers Kolhan division of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about Template:Convert and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 170</ref> Adjacent Bankura district of West Bengal has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west."<ref>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, Bankura, Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> The same could be said of the Birbhum district and the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Paschim Bardhaman district.
The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to Template:Convert in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, Template:Convert above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 165</ref> In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area. Saranda forest is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.<ref name=forest>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
ClimateEdit
The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is Template:Convert. The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross Template:Convert but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 126</ref> The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around Template:Convert, which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EcologyEdit
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The Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests, a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion, encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of Template:Convert, covering most of the state of Jharkhand and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests that covers the Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range to the south, and the Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the lowlands to the east and north.
The plateau is covered with a variety of various habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the Palamau Tiger Reserve and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of tiger and Asian elephants.<ref name=ecoregion/>
FloraEdit
The flora of the Chota Nagpur Plateau ranges from dry to wet forests, with trees reaching heights of up to Template:Convert. Some areas are swampy, while others feature bamboo grasslands and shrubs like Holarrhena and Dodonaea. Key species include sal (Shorea robusta), which provides valuable timber and supports diverse wildlife, and mahua (Madhuca longifolia), known for its fragrant flowers used to make a traditional alcoholic beverage and as a food source for animals. Other significant plants include bamboo (Bambusa), teak (Tectona grandis),and wild mango (Mangifera indica), flame of the forest (Butea monosperma).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
FaunaEdit
The region is home to diverse wildlife, including apex predators like the tiger (Panthera tigris) and large herbivores such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Ungulates such as the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are also common, alongside predators like the dhole (Cuon alpinus) and the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Bird species include the threatened lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), various hornbills including the Indian grey hornbill (Ocyceros birostris), and a variety of raptors and migratory birds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ConservationEdit
The Chota Nagpur Plateau was once extensively forested, but today over half of its natural forest cover has been removed, largely for grazing land and increasingly intense mining activities. These disruptions pose significant ecological threats. Mining for minerals like coal, iron ore, and bauxite has led to large-scale deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat fragmentation, which critically affects the survival and movement of native wildlife, particularly larger species such as elephants, tigers, and leopards that require extensive, undisturbed areas.
Some conservation efforts are underway, including the establishment of protected areas and wildlife corridors<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> aimed at reconnecting fragmented habitats. However, challenges remain due to limited enforcement of conservation policies and the economic dependence of local communities on mining and agriculture, which places continual pressure on the plateau’s ecological resources.
Protected areasEdit
About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising Template:Convert in 1997. The largest are Palamau Tiger Reserve and Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve.<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. pp. 321-322</ref>
- Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (630 km2)
- Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (110 km2)
- Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (450 km2)
- Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (180 km2)
- Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (410 km2)
- Palamau Tiger Reserve, Jharkhand (1,330 km2)
- Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (182.83 km2 )
- Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (470 km2)
- Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (600 km2)
- Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (40 km2)
CultureEdit
Template:Seealso The Chota Nagpur region is a culturally rich area with a diverse population comprising various indigenous ethinic group of Sadan and tribes.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">Template:Cite journal</ref> The region is home to tribes like the Santhal, Munda, Oraon, and Ho, alongside non-tribal groups. These groups have distinct traditions, languages, and spiritual practices, often tied closely to nature and ancestral worship. Festivals like Sarhul, Holi and Karam are central to their culture, celebrating harvests and nature with traditional music, dance, and rituals. Craftsmanship is a strong aspect, with communities creating intricate beadwork, pottery, and metalwork.
Human habitation in the region dates back to the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as evidenced by various ancient cave paintings.<ref name="books.google.com">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">Template:Cite book</ref> Stone tools from the Chota Nagpur Plateau indicate human activity dating back to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.<ref name="books.google.com" /> Additionally, ancient cave paintings at Isko in Hazaribagh district date to the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE). Large-scale extraction industries in coal and iron mining dominate the economy, alongside growing steel production, power generation, and related infrastructure developments. However, agriculture remains important, with rice, maize, and pulses as staple crops.
Mineral resourcesEdit
Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of mineral resources such as mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal.<ref name=yashplasingh/> The Damodar valley is rich in coal, and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over Template:Convert. The important coalfields in the basin are Jharia, Raniganj, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Gupta, Satya Prakash. Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-Nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-Section. Land and people of tribal Bihar series, no. 3. [Patna]: Govt. of Bihar, Welfare Dept, 1974.
- Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia. Die Munda und Oraon in Chota Nagpur - Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, Band 40; Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983
- Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Chandra. Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin: The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India. [Burdwan]: University of Burdwan, 1980.
- Sinha, Birendra K. Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Journey Towards Fulfilment in the Chotanagpur Plateau : a Study in Dynamics of Social-Economic-Cultural-Administrative-Political Growth. [S.l: s.n, 1991.
- Sinha, V. N. P. Chota Nagpur Plateau: A Study in Settlement Geography. New Delhi: K.B. Publications, 1976.
- Chakrabarti D.K. (1994c). Archaeology of the Chhotanagpur plateau and the Bengal basin. In: J.M. Kenoyer (ed.), From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales Jr, Wisconsin Archaeological Report, Volume 3, pp. 253–259. Madison: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin
- Goswami Prodipto (2020). Untold Story of Chota Nagpur: Its Journey with the Colonial Army 1767-1947. Chennai Notion: Press, 2020
External linksEdit
Template:Ecoregions of India Template:GeoSouthAsia Template:Damodar Valley Template:Plateaus of India