Chrystos

Chrystos (Template:IPAc-en; born November 7, 1946, as Christina Smith)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> is a two-spirit writer and activist whose work explores Native American civil rights, social justice, and feminism. They are of mixed Menominee–Lithuanian/Alsace–Lorraine heritage.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chrystos is also a lecturer, writing teacher, and artist.

Life

Chrystos was born off-reservation in San Francisco, California,<ref name="Brehm 1998 73–82">Template:Cite journal</ref> was taught to read by their self-educated father, and began writing poetry at age nine. Chrystos had a difficult childhood, including being sexually abused by a relative.<ref name="Brehm 1998 73–82"/> They lived with their abusive mother, Virginia (née Lunkes), who was of Lithuanian and Alsatian descent, and their father of Menominee heritage, Fletcher L. Smith, who was a World War II veteran. At the age of seventeen, Chrystos was placed into a psychiatric hospital. They fell into drug addiction, alcoholism, and prostitution during this time. They were re-institutionalized several more times before deciding it was ineffective in helping their mental health issues.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Chrystos is a lesbian and two-spirit. They moved to Bainbridge Island, Washington in 1980.<ref name=":1" /> They have been a resident of Ocean Shores, Washington since 2011.<ref name=":1" />

Career

A self-described political poet, Chrystos was inspired by familial issues stemming from European American cultural hegemony,<ref name="Not Vanishing">Template:Cite book</ref> and more positively influenced by the works of Audre Lorde, Joy Harjo, Elizabeth Woody, and Lillian Pitt, among others.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They produced a series of volumes of poetry and prose throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Chrystos' work focuses on social justice issues, such as how colonialism and racism affect the lives of women, lesbians, and Indigenous people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their works are primarily intended for an audience of Indigenous people, other people of color, and lesbians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their works are also intended to help Native Americans connect with their heritage and to break down stereotypes.<ref name="Autostraddle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Scholar Sandra M. Cox describes Chrystos' work as a form of autoethnography.<ref name=":0" /> Chrystos self-illustrated many of their books covers, and often had their books published in Canada to work around censorious American publishers and lack of support for writers in the United States.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While they’re better known for their poems about social justice, Chrystos also has a significant body of erotic poetry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Autostraddle" /> It is more celebratory and its presentation more formal than their other work.<ref name=":2" /> Chrystos co-edited Best Lesbian Erotica 1999 with Tristan Taormino.

Chrystos' awards include a National Endowment for the Arts grant, the Sappho Award of Distinction from the Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice, a Barbara Deming Memorial Fund grant, and the Audre Lorde International Poetry Competition.<ref name="Autostraddle" /> Scholars have suggested that Chrystos uses Indigenous expressions of eroticism as an antidote to the repressive effects of colonialism upon Indigenous genders and sexuality.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Activism

Chrystos was part of efforts to free Norma Jean Croy and Leonard Peltier, and their activism often focuses on the rights of Native American peoples including the Navajo and Mohawk people.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> In a 2010 interview, Chrystos described their social justice interests as "diverse," citing abortion rights, domestic violence, and prisoners' rights.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

Works

• This Bridge Called My Back, Kitchen Table, 1981; contributor
• Not Vanishing, Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1988, Template:ISBN
• Dream On, Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1991
• In Her I Am, Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1993
• Fugitive Colors, Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 1995, Template:ISBN
• Fire Power, Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1995, Template:ISBN
• Some Poems by People I Like (Sandra Alland, editor), Toronto: SandrasLittleBookshop, 2007, Template:ISBN; contributor
• Best Lesbian Erotica 1999, Cleis Press, 1999, Template:ISBN; co-editor

See also

• Native American studies
• Lesbian poetry

References

• Bealy, Joanne. "An Interview with Chrystos"; Off Our Backs, Vol. 33, September 2003, p. 11
• E. Centime Zeleke. "Speaking about Language". Canadian Woman Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1996, pp. 33–35.
• Retter, Yolanda. "Chrystos". Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America, Vol. 1. Edited by Marc Stein. Detroit: Scribner's; 2004, pp. 214–215,
• "Chrystos", biographical entry at the Voices in the Gaps database of the University of Minnesota; 2009. (PDF download from the target page.)