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In some strains of Christian theology, the Christian Church may be divided into:
- the Church Militant (Template:Langx), also called the Church Pilgrim, which consists of Christians on Earth who struggle as soldiers of Christ against sin, the devil, and "the rulers of the world of this darkness, against the spirits of wickedness in the high places";<ref>Template:Bibleref2</ref>
- the Church Penitent (Template:Langx), also called the Church Suffering (Template:Langx) or the Church Expectant (Template:Langx), which in the theology of certain churches, especially that of the Catholic Church, consists of those Christians currently in Purgatory; and
- the Church Triumphant (Template:Langx), which consists of those who have the beatific vision and are in Heaven.
Within Catholic ecclesiology these divisions are known as the "three states of the Church." The actual language used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "The three states of the Church… at the present time some of his disciples are pilgrims on earth. Others have died and are being purified, while still others are in glory, contemplating 'in full light, God himself triune and one, exactly as he is'."<ref name="ccc954">Template:Cite CCC</ref>
In Protestant theology, which rejects the doctrine of Purgatory,<ref>Chia, R. and Katongole, E. (2008) "Eschatology", Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. Edited by W.A. Dyrness and V.-M. Kärkkäinen. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic: An Imprint of InterVarsity Press. "Protestant theologians, following Luther, reject the doctrine of purgatory."</ref> the Churches Militant and Triumphant are together known as the two states of the Church. These divisions are often discussed in the context of the doctrine of the communion of saints; although Christians may be physically separated from each other by the barrier of death, they nonetheless remain united to each other in one Church, and support each other in prayer.
EtymologyEdit
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MilitantEdit
The term militant (Template:Langx) has a primary meaning of "being a soldier, performing military service",<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> but it acquired a secondary meaning of "serving, performing service, laboring",<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> with its root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} coming to mean "soldier of Christ or God" in Medieval Latin usage.<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> The members of the Church Militant, i.e. those Christians on earth, are engaged in spiritual warfare against sin Template:Citation needed span Failing that directly, those who believe in the existence of Purgatory hope to die in a state of grace and join the Church Penitent, to purify themselves of their imperfections and, ultimately, join the Church Triumphant.
PenitentEdit
The term penitent (Template:Langx or paenitens) means "repenting, being sorry".<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> Those who constitute the Church Penitent are in Purgatory to satisfy whatever portion of the temporal punishment due for their sins was not satisfied before death. They are in a process of purging their imperfections before entering heaven. It is held that all members of the Church Penitent will eventually join the Church Triumphant.
The alternate term suffering (Template:Langx)<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> emphasizes the nature of souls' experience in Purgatory; they are suffering the temporal consequences of their sins to redemptive effect. The other alternative, expectant (Template:Langx or exspectans), emphasizes that the souls of Purgatory are awaiting expectantly the beatific vision of heaven.
TriumphantEdit
The term triumphant (Template:Langx) means "exulting, rejoicing exceedingly", taken from a figurative usage of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, originally designating the Roman triumph.<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> Those who constitute the Church Triumphant rejoice eternally in the glory of God, to whom they are united in the beatific vision.
Usage in different Christian ChurchesEdit
Catholic ChurchEdit
Template:Main article The Catholic Church commemorates the Church Triumphant and the Church Penitent in its liturgy on two consecutive days: All Saints' Day on November 1 (the Church Triumphant) and All Souls' Day on November 2 (the Church Penitent).
These terms are not used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, an authoritative summary of the teaching of the Catholic Church published in 1994. However, the teaching these terms represent is precisely restated, quoting Lumen gentium:
The three states of the Church. "When the Lord comes in glory, and all his angels with him, death will be no more and all things will be subject to him. But at the present time some of his disciples are pilgrims on earth. Others have died and are being purified, while still others are in glory, contemplating 'in full light, God himself triune and one, exactly as he is'."<ref name="ccc954"/>
Anglican CommunionEdit
Anglicans believe that "…the Church on earth is united with the Church in heaven, ('sanctorum communio'). They speak of the 'Church Militant here on earth' and the Church triumphant in heaven. They worship God together with 'angels and archangels, and with all the company of heaven.Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Lutheran ChurchEdit
Eric Lund, a Lutheran professor, described an analogy relating the Old Testament to the New Testament: "God ordered two altars to be placed in the tabernacle. Fire was transferred from the outer one to the inner one. God also assembled a twofold church: the church militant and the church triumphant. The fire of love will someday be transferred from the church militant to the church triumphant."<ref name="Lund2011">Template:Cite book</ref> As such, within Lutheranism, "That is called the Church militant, which in this life is still fighting, under the banner of Christ, against Satan, the world, and the flesh."<ref name="Schmid1876">Template:Cite book</ref>
Likewise, "That is called the Church triumphant, which, being transferred to heavenly rest, and relieved from the labor of fighting, and the danger of being overcome in heaven against all contending powers."<ref name="Schmid1876"/> Heinrich Schmid, a Lutheran theologian explains that the Church Militant derives her name from spiritual warfare, citing Template:Bibleref, Template:Bibleref, Template:Bibleref, Template:Bibleref, and Template:Bibleref; he further states that the Church Triumphant derives her name from spiritual victory, citing Template:Bibleref, Template:Bibleref, and Template:Bibleref.<ref name="Schmid1876"/>
Methodist ChurchesEdit
The African Methodist Episcopal Church, a part of the World Methodist Council, defines the Church Militant as "engaged in constant warfare against the world, the flesh and the devil, and in that respect is distinguished from the Church Triumphant."<ref name=Methodism>Template:Cite book</ref> It defines the Church Militant as inclusive of all Christian denominations, among them Methodism, Presbyterianism, Baptist churches, Congregational churches, Anglicanism, among many others.<ref name="Methodism"/> In the same fashion, it defines the Church Triumphant as existing "in heaven, and consist[ing] of those who have washed their robes and made them immaculate and pure in the blood of the Lamb."<ref name="Methodism"/>
In Methodist theology, "the communion expressed at the Eucharist is not only within the Church Militant, but is between the Church Militant and the Church Triumphant."<ref name="Billington2014">Template:Cite book</ref>
Seventh-day Adventist ChurchEdit
The Seventh-day Adventist Church defines the terms in the following ways, "While in this world the church is a militant church, daily engaged in the battles of its Lord, and in warfare against satanic agencies. Its members are in constant conflict with the world, the flesh, and the powers of evil (Rom. 7:15–23; Gal. 5:17; 1 Peter 5:8, 9; 1 John 5:4; cf. 1 John 4:4). If this side of the Lord's return the church is the militant church, the church of the New Jerusalem is the triumphant church. It is made up of faithful disciples and conquerors in this worldly battle. They have exchanged the sword for a palm of victory (Rev 7:9) and the cross for a crown (2 Tim. 4:8; 1 Peter 5:4). The battle is over, the mission accomplished (Matt. 25:21, 23) and the redeemed, invited to the wedding feast of the Lamb (Rev. 19:9), eat and drink at Christ's table in His kingdom (Luke 22:28–30) and reign with Him for ever and ever (Rev 22:5)."<ref name="SDA">Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald, 2000), pp. 565–566.</ref> Thus, the Seventh-day Adventist view is that the church is the Church Militant until the general resurrection at the end of the present age. The church becomes the Church Triumphant only after the second coming of Christ.
Secular usesEdit
The two states account of the church was adapted by Anatoly Lunacharsky to distinguish between a socialistic culture of the future (Ecclesia triumphans) and proletarian culture of the proletariat struggling in the present against capitalism (Ecclesia militans). This theoretical approach was used in the development of Proletkult.<ref name="NAR">Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Baptism by fire
- Book of Common Prayer
- Christian mysticism
- Ecclesiology
- Christian martyr
- Miles Christianus
- Persecution of Christians
- Saint
- Spiritual warfare
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- The Spirit of Catholicism, ch. 7-8 ("The Communion of Saints") by Karl Adam
- Communion of Saints - article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Lumen gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church), n. 49
- The Catholic Church Is The Mystical Body Of Christ by FR. William G. Most
External linksEdit
Images
- "The Church Militant and Triumphant". 1365–68. Fresco by Andrea da Firenze. Cappella Spagnuolo, Santa Maria Novella, Florence.
- "Disputation of the Holy Sacrament (La Disputa)". 1510–11. Fresco by Raffaello Sanzio. Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican.
- Image from The Desert of Religion, and other poems and religious piecesTemplate:Dead link, depicting the Church Suffering (bottom) being lifted up to heaven and the Church Triumphant (top) through the prayer of the Church Militant (middle) Template:Dead link
- The Church Triumphant (top) and the Church Militant (middle) praying for the Church Suffering (bottom)
- The Church Triumphant (top) and the Church Militant (bottom) praying for the Church Suffering (bottom left and right) by René de Cramer
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