Communion of saints

File:Saint John on Patmos.jpg

Revelation 5:8 presents the saints in Heaven as linked by prayer with their fellow Christians on earth

The communion of saints (Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Langx), when referred to persons, is the spiritual union of the members of the Christian Church, living and the dead, but excluding the damned.<ref name=Sollier>Template:Citation</ref> They are all part of a single "mystical body", with Christ as the head, in which each member contributes to the good of all and shares in the welfare of all.

The earliest known use of this term to refer to the belief in a mystical bond uniting both the living and the dead in a confirmed hope and love is by Saint Nicetas of Remesiana (Template:Circa); the term has since then played a central role in formulations of the Christian creed.<ref>Nicetas of Remesiana Template:Webarchive, Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Belief in the communion of saints is affirmed in the Apostles' Creed.

The word sanctorum in the phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can also be understood as referring not to holy persons, but to holy things, namely the blessings that the holy persons share with each other, including their faith, the sacraments and the other spiritual graces and gifts they have as Christians.<ref>Barclay, William, The Plain Man Looks at the Apostles Creed, pp. 10–12</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

The concept of the communion of saints is linked with Paul's teaching, as in Romans 12:4–13 and 1 Corinthians 12:12–27, that in Christ Christians form a single body.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The New Testament word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration, 'saint') can refer to Christians who, whatever their personal sanctity as individuals, are called holy because they are consecrated to God and Christ. This usage of the word saint is found some fifty times in the New Testament.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Heidelberg Catechism, citing Romans 8:32, 1 Corinthians 6:17, and 1 John 1:3, asserts that all members of Christ have communion with him, and are recipients of all his gifts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similarly, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: Template:"'Since all the faithful form one body, the good of each is communicated to the others.... We must therefore believe that there exists a communion of goods in the Church. But the most important member is Christ, since he is the head.... Therefore, the riches of Christ are communicated to all the members, through the sacraments.' 'As this Church is governed by one and the same Spirit, all the goods she has received necessarily become a common fund.Template:'"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The persons who are linked in this communion include those who have died and whom Hebrews 12:1 pictures as a cloud of witnesses encompassing Christians on earth. In the same chapter, Hebrews 12:22–23 says Christians on earth "have come to Mount Zion, and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal gathering, and to the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in Heaven, and to a judge who is God of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Robin M. Van, L. Maas, Gabriel Odonnell, Spiritual Traditions for the Contemporary Church (Abingdon Press 1990), p. 369</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Western Christianity

Roman Catholicism

In Roman Catholic terminology, the communion of saints exists in the three states of the Church, the Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant. The Church Militant (Template:Langx) consisting of those alive on earth; the Church Penitent (Template:Langx) consisting of those undergoing purification in purgatory in preparation for Heaven; and the Church Triumphant (Template:Langx) consisting of those already in Heaven. The damned are not a part of the communion of saints. Roman Catholics ask the intercession of saints in Heaven, whose prayers are seen as helping their fellow Christians on earth (Template:ConferRevelation 5:8).<ref>It's Biblical to Ask Saints to Pray for Us Template:Webarchive. Ignitum Today. Published: 15 September 2013</ref>

According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

946 What is the Church if not the assembly of all the saints? The communion of saints is the Church.
...

957 Communion with the saints. "It is not merely by the title of example that we cherish the memory of those in heaven; we seek, rather, that by this devotion to the exercise of fraternal charity the union of the whole Church in the Spirit may be strengthened. Exactly as Christian communion among our fellow pilgrims brings us closer to Christ, so our communion with the saints joins us to Christ, from whom as from its fountain and head issues all grace, and the life of the People of God itself"{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Lutheranism

Martin Luther defined the phrase thus:

"The communion of saints." This is of one piece with the preceding ["the holy catholic church"]. Formerly it was not in the creed. When you hear the word "church," understand that it means group [{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}], as we say in German, the Wittenberg group or congregation [{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}], that is, an holy, Christian group, assembly, or, in German, the holy, common church, and it is a word that should not be called "communion" [{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}], but rather "a congregation" {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Someone wanted to explain the first term, "catholic church" [and added the words] {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which in German means a congregation of saints, that is, a congregation made up only of saints. "Christian church" and "congregation of saints" are one and the same thing.<ref>Luther, "Sermons on the Catechism", 1528. Reprinted in Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings, John Dillenberger ed. p. 212.</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Lutheranism affirms that the Church Militant and Church Triumphant share a common goal and thus do pray for one another. The Book of Concord, the official compendium of Lutheran doctrine teaches:

"... we know that the ancients speak of prayer for the dead, which we do not prohibit; but we disapprove of the application ex opere operato of the Lord's Supper on behalf of the dead."<ref name="BOC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the expression {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, he meant the belief that the performance of the rite would of itself benefit the dead.

The largest Lutheran denomination in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, "remembers the faithful departed in the Prayers of the People every Sunday, including those who have recently died and those commemorated on the church calendar of saints".<ref name="WipfStock2016">Template:Cite book</ref> In Funeral rites of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, "deceased are prayed for" using "commendations: 'keep our sister/brother ... in the company of all your saints. And at the last ... raise her/him up to share with all the faithful the endless joy and peace won through the glorious resurrection of Christ our Lord.'"<ref name="WipfStock2016"/> The response for these prayers for the dead in this Lutheran liturgy is the prayer of Eternal Rest: "rest eternal grant him/her, O Lord; and let light perpetual shine upon him/her".<ref name="WipfStock2016"/>

Methodism

In Methodist theology, the communion of saints refers to the Church Militant and Church Triumphant. The Rev. Katie Shockley explains the communion of saints in the context of the Methodist sacrament of the Eucharist:<ref name="Shockley2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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The communion of saints is celebrated in Methodism during Allhallowtide, especially on All Saints' Day.<ref name="Shockley2017"/>

Methodist theology affirms the "duty to observe, to pray for the Faithful Departed".<ref name="Walker1885">Template:Cite book</ref> John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, "taught the propriety of Praying for the Dead, practised it himself, provided Forms that others might."<ref name="HoldenWesley1872">Template:Cite book</ref> It affirms that the "saints in paradise" have full access to occurrences on earth.<ref name="Atkins2016">Template:Cite book</ref>

Anglican Communion

The Anglican Communion holds that baptized Christians "are 'knit together' with them 'in one communion and fellowship in the mystical body of [Christ]'."<ref name="COI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Church of Ireland teaches that:<ref name="COI"/>

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In Anglican liturgy, "worship is addressed to God alone" and the Anglican Communion "does not pray to the saints but with the saints".<ref name="COI"/> However, Anglicans pray for the dead, "because we still hold them in our love, and because we trust that in God's presence those who have chosen to serve him will grow in his love, until they see him as he is."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Reformed churches

The Westminster Confession, which articulates the Reformed faith, teaches that the communion of saints includes those united to ChristTemplate:Sndboth the living and the dead.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy

Greek Orthodox Church

In Greek Orthodoxy, "the Church is also a communion of saints, an assembly of angels and men, of the Heaven and of the earth ... divided into what is known as the Church Militant and the Church Triumphant".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America teaches that "Through the work of the Holy Trinity all Christians could be called saints; especially in the early Church as long as they were baptized in the name of the Holy Trinity, they received the Seal of the Spirit in chrismation and frequently participated in the Eucharist."<ref name="GOAA2017"/>

Theologians classify six categories of saints within Eastern Orthodoxy:<ref name="GOAA2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1. The Apostles, who were the first ones to spread the message of the Incarnation of the Word of God and of salvation through Christ.
2. The Prophets, because they predicted and prophesied the coming of the Messiah.
3. The Martyrs, for sacrificing their lives and fearlessly confessing Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of mankind.
4. The Fathers and Hierarchs of the Church, who excelled in explaining and in defending, by word and deed, the Christian faith.
5. The Monastics, who lived in the desert and dedicated themselves to spiritual exercise (askesis), reaching, as far as possible, perfection in Christ.
6. The Just, those who lived in the world, leading exemplary lives as clergy or laity with their families, becoming examples for imitation in society.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Oriental Orthodoxy

Armenian Orthodox Church

The Armenian Orthodox Church understands the communion of saints to have a twofold sense: "first, of the union of members of the Church with the Head Christ; and, secondly, of the mutual help and support of these same members in obtaining enjoying, and preserving the common good things or graces of the Church."<ref name="ChurchMalan1872">Template:Cite book</ref>

Comparison of views

Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist and Orthodox churches practice praying for the dead (as they interpret 2 Timothy 1:16–18).<ref name="BOC"/><ref name="Walker1885"/> Reformed churches do not pray for the dead. The Anglican tradition has been ambivalent about prayers for the dead historically, sometimes embracing and other times rejecting the practice.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

With regard to the various views held about the communion of saints, the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907 wrote:

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See also

• Incorruptibility
• Church invisible
• "When the Saints Go Marching In"

Further reading

• The Communion of SaintsTemplate:SndA Statement of Evangelicals and Catholics Together
• Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Communion of Saints
• Church of Ireland (Anglican): The Communion of Saints
• Template:Cite book
• First Reformed Presbyterian Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sermon Notes - Communion of Saints (archived 2008-05-13)
• Template:CathEncy