Cleopatra II

Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλομήτωρ Σώτειρα, Kleopatra Philomētōr Sōteira; c. 185 BC – 116/115 BC) was Queen consort of Ptolemaic Egypt from 175 to 170 BC as wife of Ptolemy VI Philometor, and then Queen regnant since 170 BC as co-ruler with her two successive brother-husbands, her daughter, and her grandson.

She co-ruled during her first reign since 170 until 164 BC, with Ptolemy VI Philometor, her first husband and the older of her brothers, and Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, her younger brother. During her second reign she co-ruled again with Ptolemy VI from 163 BC until his death in 145 BC. She then ruled with her younger brother, Ptolemy VIII, whom she married, and her daughter Cleopatra III. She was sole ruler of Egypt from 131 BC to 127 BC. Her final reign from 124 BC to 116/5 BC was also spent in coregency with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III.

She was the first Ptolemaic queen known for certain to rule in her own right, and thus first confirmed female Pharaoh of Egypt since Tausret's reign during New Kingdom period.

Life

Early life (before 175 BC)

Cleopatra II was the daughter of Ptolemy V and likely Cleopatra I. If she was the daughter of Cleopatra I, she was a full sister of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon; otherwise she was their half-sister. She would eventually marry both of her brothers, in turn.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII">Cleopatra II Template:Webarchive by Chris Bennett</ref><ref name="DH">Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004</ref>

Consort and first co-regency (175–131 BC)

Following the death of their mother, Cleopatra I, in 177/6 BC, Cleopatra II was married to her brother Ptolemy VI Philometor in c. 175 BC, thus becoming Queen consort of Egypt, but she was declared formal co-regent with Ptolemy VI and their younger brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Physcon, in 170 BC;<ref name="tara"/> trio continued to reign together until 164 BC.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/><ref>Green 1990: 425, 429-430; Hölbl 2001: 143-146; Errington 2008: 258.</ref> The year Cleopatra II's reign began is considered by Sally-Ann Ashton to be 175 BC, the year of her marriage, but by Tara Sewell-Lasater to be 170 BC, when Ptolemy VIII also became co-ruler.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="tara">Template:Cite journal</ref> Based on the former, Cleopatra II is said to have reigned for 57 years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By becoming nominal co-ruler, Cleopatra II became first known Queen regnant of Ptolemaic dynasty.<ref>Sewell-Lasater, Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, p. 274-275, see also Appendix A.</ref>

In 169–168 BC, the siblings' maternal uncle Antiochus IV of Syria invaded Egypt. Ptolemy VI Philometor briefly joined Antiochus IV outside Alexandria in 169 BC, then turned against him in alliance with his siblings. Antiochus IV was finally induced to give up his attempt to take over Egypt by Roman intervention.<ref>Green 1990: 430-431; Hölbl 146-148, 181-183; Errington 2008: 258-259.</ref> In 164 BC Cleopatra II and her husband were temporarily deposed by Ptolemy VIII, but were restored to power in 163 BC. After this, Ptolemy VIII was removed from the co-regency in Egypt and made king of Cyrene.<ref name="CB-PtolemyVI">Ptolemy VI by Chris Bennett</ref><ref>Green 1990: 442-447; Hölbl 2001: 183-194; Errington 2008: 292-295.</ref>

Ptolemy VI died on campaign in Syria in 145 BC. Cleopatra II agreed to marry her younger brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Physcon, who ascended the throne.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/><ref name="Livius-CleopatraII"/> According to Justin, Ptolemy VIII murdered Ptolemy, the surviving son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II,<ref>Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator by Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> on his marriage to Cleopatra II, but new evidence shows he survived as a potential heir and served as eponymous priest of Alexander the Great in c. 143 BC; he was eliminated by his uncle sometime later.<ref>Chauveau 2000: 257-258; Bielman 2017: 86. 95-98; Justin's story was still accepted by Green 1990: 537 and Hölbl 2001: 194.</ref> Cleopatra II bore Ptolemy VIII a new heir, Ptolemy Memphites, in c. 143 BC.<ref name="CB-Memphites">Ptolemy Memphites by Chris Bennett</ref><ref>Chauveau 2000: 259-261; Hölbl 2001: 195; Errington 2008: 295-296.</ref>

Between 142 BC and 139 BC Ptolemy VIII married Cleopatra's younger daughter, his niece Cleopatra III.<ref name="Livius-CleopatraII"/><ref name="CB-PtolemyVIII">Ptolemy VIII by Chris Bennett</ref> She quickly produced two sons, the future kings Ptolemy IX Soter and Ptolemy XI Alexander, and three daughters.<ref>Hölbl 2001: 203.</ref> These developments are assumed to have increased the pre-existing rivalry between Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII.<ref>Green 1990: 538; Hölbl 2001: 195; Errington 2008: 296-297.</ref>

Sole reign (132/1–127 BC)

Cleopatra II led a rebellion against Ptolemy VIII in 132/1 BC, and drove him and Cleopatra III out of Alexandria at the end of 131 BC.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/> At this time Ptolemy VIII is said to have had Ptolemy Memphites, his son by his older sister, Cleopatra II, dismembered and his head, hands and feet sent to Cleopatra II in Alexandria as a birthday present.<ref>Ptolemy Memphites by Chris Bennett</ref><ref>Green 1990: 540; Hölbl 2001: 197-199; Errington 2008: 297-298.</ref>

Cleopatra II ruled in Alexandria as sole ruler until 127 BC. Ptolemy VIII had retained the allegiance of parts of Egypt and gradually expanded his control from there. In 127 BC, he took over Alexandria, Cleopatra II being forced to flee to Syria, where she joined her daughter Cleopatra Thea and her son-in-law Demetrius II Nicator. The latter was unable to offer effective support to his mother-in-law, as Ptolemy VIII pitted against him a rival for the Seleucid throne.<ref>Green 1990: 540; Hölbl 2001: 200; Errington 2008: 298.</ref>

Second co-regency (124–116/5 BC)

File:Wall relief Kom Ombo15.JPG

Wall relief of Cleopatra III, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII before Horus

A public reconciliation of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII was declared in 124 BC. After this she ruled jointly with her brother and daughter until June 116 BC when Ptolemy died. Among amnesty decrees seeking to heal the conflicts stirred by the recent civil war, Cleopatra II's murdered son Ptolemy Memphites was deified as the God Neos Philopator in 118 BC.<ref name="Livius-CleopatraII"/><ref>Hölbl 2001: 201-203; Errington 2008: 298-299; Green 1990: 541-542 still follows the earlier identification with Ptolemy, the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II.</ref>

Ptolemy VIII left the kingdom to be ruled by Cleopatra III and one of their sons. At the wishes of the Alexandrians, Cleopatra III chose Ptolemy Lathyros, her elder son, as her co-ruler.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/> However, Cleopatra II retained seniority in the ruling triumvirate.<ref>Errington 2008: 299-300.</ref>

Cleopatra II disappeared from historical records sometime around October 116 BC.<ref name="Livius-CleopatraII"/> She is believed to have died in about 116 or 115 BC.<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/><ref name="Livius-CleopatraII"/>

Issue

With Ptolemy VI she had at least four children,<ref name="DH"/><ref name="Livius-CleopatraII">Cleopatra II by Livius</ref><ref name="Livius-PtolemyVI">Ptolemy VI by Livius</ref> and possibly an additional daughter Berenice:<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/>

• Ptolemy Eupator, born in 166 BC. Became co-regent with his father for a short time, but died at a young age in c. 152 BC.
• Cleopatra Thea, born in c. 164 BC. She married Alexander Balas, Demetrius II Nicator and Antiochus VII Sidetes. Murdered by her son in c. 120 BC.
• Perhaps Berenice, born between 163 and 160 BC. Died young in c. 150 BC.
• Cleopatra III, born between 160 and 155 BC. Married to her uncle Ptolemy VIII.
• Ptolemy, born c. 152 BC. Murdered after 143 BC by Ptolemy VIII.

Ptolemy VIII and his older sister, Cleopatra II, are thought to have had at least one son,<ref name="CB-CleopatraII"/><ref name="DH"/>

• Ptolemy Memphites, born between 144 and 142 BC. According to recent research, Ptolemy Memphites is identical to Ptolemy Neos Philopator, deified in 118 BC.<ref>Chauveau 2000.</ref>

Epithet

• Cleopatra II was titled Philometor ("Mother-loving [Goddess]") as spouse of her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy VI Philometor, in 175–164 and 163–145 BC.
• Cleopatra II was titled Euergetis ("Benefactor [Goddess]") as spouse of her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Physcon, in 145–132/1 and 124–116 BC.
• Cleopatra II was titled Philometor Soteira ("Mother-loving Savior [Goddess]") during her sole reign in 132/1–127 BC and again as senior monarch in 116–116/5 BC.

Bibliography

• Bielman, A., "Stéréotypes et réalités du pouvoir politique féminin: la guerre civile en Égypte entre 132 et 124 av. J.-C.," EuGeStA 7 (2017) 84-114.
• Chauveau, M., "Encore Ptolémée «VII» et le dieu Neos Philopatôr!," Revue d’Égyptologie 51 (2000) 257-261.
• Dodson, A., and D. Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London, 2004.
• Errington, R. M., A History of the Hellenistic World 323-30 BC, Malden, MA, 2008.
• Green, P., From Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, Berkeley, 1990.
• Hölbl, G., A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, London, 2001.

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