Collation (meal)
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The term collation refers to one or two light meals allowed on days of fasting, especially in Western Christianity. Its purpose is to allow a believer to perform their duties while fasting throughout the day.<ref name="Heuser1938"/>
HistoryEdit
The traditional Black Fast of Western Christianity, which was broken after sunset, did not permit a collation if strictly observed.<ref name="Ferm1962"/><ref name="StravinskasShaw1998">Template:Cite book</ref> After the 14th century AD, taking a collation became a normative part of Christian fasting practices in many localities.<ref name="Ferm1962">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Water was not allowed to be consumed during the collation, but only during the main meal, which was taken after sunset.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The consumption of a collation originally derives from the rule dating from the mid-6th century A.D. in Benedictine monasteries, that the usual evening meal was to be followed by the reading of excerpts from Collationes patrum in Scetica eremo<ref>Lit. 'Conferences with the fathers of Scetis in the desert'), usually translated as Conferences with the Desert Fathers,)</ref> written by John Cassian in around 420 A.D.<ref name="AddisPress1961">Template:Cite book</ref> However, according to the Rule of Saint Benedict, on days of fasting there would be no evening meal: Vespers was directly followed by the readings from the Collationes or the Lives of the Fathers, and then Compline.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
By the 9th century AD the strict rules about fasting in Western Christianity started to become more relaxed, as it became allowed to have a small amount of water in the evening on fast days.<ref name="CE2019">"Lent", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "Still more material was the relaxation afforded by the introduction of "collation". This seems to have begun in the ninth century, when the Council of Aix la Chapelle sanctioned the concession, even in monastic houses, of a draught of water or other beverage in the evening to quench the thirst of those who were exhausted by the manual labor of the day. From this small beginning a much larger indulgence was gradually evolved. The principle of parvitas materiae, i.e., that a small quantity of nourishment which was not taken directly as a meal did not break the fast, was adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas and other theologians, and in the course of centuries a recognized quantity of solid food, which according to received authorities must not exceed eight ounces, has come to be permitted after the midday repast. As this evening drink, when first tolerated in the ninth-century monasteries, was taken at the hour at which the "Collationes" (Conferences) of Abbot Cassian were being read aloud to the brethren, this slight indulgence came to be known as a "collation", and the name has continued since."</ref> Over the centuries, this eventually grew to apply to the indulgence of "a recognized quantity of solid food" allowed on days of fasting, with or without abstinence.<ref name="CE2019"/><ref name="Briggs2009">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The evening collation came to be defined by the Catholic Church as being less than eight ounces of food.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 19th century, the allowance of another collation, called a frustulum, was introduced by the Catholic Church and is permitted to be eaten in the morning.<ref name="Foley2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Present dayEdit
At the present time, on Christian strict fasting days of Lent (Ash Wednesday and Good Friday), the Catholic Church prescribes "only one full meal a day, but does not prohibit taking some food in the morning and evening, observing — as far as quantity and quality are concerned — approved local custom.".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is, in some places, interpreted as "one full meal, as well as two smaller meals that together are not equal to a full meal".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Similarly, a Missouri Synod Lutheran publication delineating fasting guidelines states that "On fasting days, two ¼ meals are eaten, and one regular meal in the evening".<ref name="ELCA2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defines "Fasting, usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one half meal, on the forty days of Lent."<ref name="Gavitt1991">Template:Cite book</ref>
Other usesEdit
The French court of Louis XIV used the term collation to refer to light meals in general. In British English today, a collation is likewise a light meal, offered to guests when there is insufficient time for fuller entertainment. It is often rendered cold collation in reference to the usual lack of hot or cooked food. The Polish word kolacja ("supper") is a derivation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In modern Italian, the two small meals are the prima colazione (breakfast) and seconda colazione (lunch). The word "colazione" itself in the general language now means "breakfast" (whereas the English "break their fast" for breakfast; lunch is pranzo in Italian).