Combined Cadet Force
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox military unit
The Combined Cadet Force (CCF) is a youth organisation in the United Kingdom, sponsored by the Ministry of Defence (MOD), which operates in schools, sub divided into Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Army and Royal Air Force sections. Its aim is to "provide a disciplined organisation in a school so that pupils may develop powers of leadership by means of training to promote the qualities of responsibility, self reliance, resourcefulness, endurance and perseverance".
One of its objectives is "to encourage those who have an interest in the services to become Officers of the Regular or Reserve Forces", and a significant number of British military officers have had experience in the CCF.
Before 1948, cadet forces in schools existed as the junior division of the Officers' Training Corps framework, but in 1948 Combined Cadet Force was formed covering cadets affiliated to all three services. As of 2019, there were 42,720 cadets and 3,370 Adult Volunteers.<ref name="auto"/> The MOD provides approximately £28M per year of funding to the CCF.<ref>Letter Assistant Head Youth and Cadets, Reserves Forces and Cadets, D/DRFC/4/1/5, 8 August 2014</ref> There are approximately 500 contingents (the name for each school or college's CCF) in the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Although sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, the CCF is not part of the British Armed Forces or Reserve Forces; as such, cadets are not military personnel and therefore not subject to military law or subject to military 'call up'. Some cadets do, however, go on to join the armed forces later in life, and many of the organisation's leaders have been cadets or have a military background.
HistoryEdit
On 12 May 1859, the Secretary of State for War, Jonathan Peel, sent out a circular letter to the public schools and universities inviting them to form units of the Volunteer Corps.<ref name="Felsted">Template:Cite book</ref> The first school cadet corps was established at Rossall School in February 1860,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> initially as an army contingent only. Felsted already had an armed drill contingent at the time of the War Office letter under the command of Sgt. Major Rogers RM; its claim on these grounds to be the oldest school corps was upheld by Field Marshal Earl Roberts in a letter to the Headmaster of 1904.<ref name="Felsted"/> In February 1861 the Oxford City Rifle Cadet Corps was founded, with five companies, the first of which was composed of pupils of the Linden House School, a private school in Headington,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the second composed of pupils from Magdalen College School. In 1908, the units were re-titled the Officer Training Corps (OTC).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The CCF was created in 1948<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> by the amalgamation of the Junior Training Corps (formerly the Junior Division of the Officers Training Corps) and the school contingents of the Sea Cadet Corps and Air Training Corps. CCFs are still occasionally referred to as "The Corps". A school contingent may have any combination of Royal Navy, Army, Royal Air Force and sometimes Royal Marines sections, the army section is almost invariably the largest.
Independent and state schoolsEdit
The CCF movement used to be dominated by the independent sector with 200 contingents being based in independent schools with only around 60 in state schools.<ref name="Henry">Template:Cite news</ref> Since the Cadet Expansion Programme was launched in 2012 the number of contingents has reached 500, beating the target set by the government. There are now more contingents in the state sector than in the independent sector. The expansion was funded by £50m from the fines arising from the LIBOR scandal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
It was reported in 2008 that some independent school CCF detachments would be opened to pupils of local state schools<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Henry" /> One case of a fee-charging school allowing state school pupils to join the cadet force was Aldenham School in Watford, Hertfordshire linking its Cadet Force with the nearby state school Queens' School to form a joint Cadet force.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Investigation into sexual abuseEdit
In 2012 payouts made to victims of sexual abuse across all Cadet Forces, including the CCF, totalled £1,475,844. In 2013 payouts totalled £64,782, and in 2014 payouts totalled £544,213.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>
IdentityEdit
CCF Contingents are part of the CCF, but are also part of their own school and as such are semi-autonomous organisations, run by internal school or school-related staff, supported by armed forces personnel. Army sections may wear their own capbadge. Royal Navy and Royal Air Force sections wear the appropriate RN/RAF other rank and officer capbadges.
The CCF is separate from the Community Cadet Forces namely the Sea Cadet Corps, the Army Cadet Force and the Air Training Corps, and the Volunteer Cadet Corps. Pupils normally join at the age of 12 or 13 (Year 8), or later at the discretion of the Head, with both sexes able to take part.
UniformEdit
Edit
They may be issued with combat uniform if required and some schools have No 1 uniform for senior cadets. Number 3 uniform is normally the parade uniform for the CCF (RN) and consists of a white shirt, black tie, blue trousers,<ref name="uniform5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and blue heavy wool jersey, worn with plain black shoes; a brassard (armband) should be worn on the right arm, displaying qualification badges.<ref name="uniform">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="uniform2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="uniform6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Number 4 uniform is the standard working uniform of the Royal Navy, in one form or another it has been in existence for over 60 years. This uniform is fire-retardant and consists of a blue shirt, blue trousers, blue heavy wool jersey, beret, with CCF badge and black boots.<ref name="uniform2"/>
Royal Marines SectionEdit
Royal Marines sections wear the bronzed Royal Marines cap badge of other ranks with a red "tombstone" backing on a blue beret with MTP (Multi-Terrain Pattern) clothing, and either brown or black boots.<ref name="uniform3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They may also wear a version of No.1 Ceremonial Uniform with Cadet insignia for special occasions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="uniform6"/>
Army SectionEdit
Working uniform
The Army Section dress regulations are set out in Army Dress Regulations, Part 8 (Cadets).<ref name="armycadets.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Cadets wear the No. 8 Combat Dress - Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) uniform ('combats') for most occasions.<ref name="uniform5"/>
All cadets wear a rank slide with the word "CADET" in embroidered red capital letters at the top, any rank is then shown underneath in black. Cadets may be given permission to wear a stable belt of CCF, school, or affiliated unit pattern. Cadet Force Adult Volunteers (CFAVs) wear rank slides with "CCF" underneath.
Tactical Recognition Flashes are not to be worn by CFAVs or cadets of the Combined Cadet Force, irrespective of any affiliation to a Corps or Regiment.<ref name="Dress Regs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cadets and CFAVs do wear county and contingent flashes.<ref name="Dress Regs" />
Royal Air Force SectionEdit
RAF cadets wear a version of the RAF No.2 dress. This consists of either light blue shirt and tie or a dark "working" blue shirt, blue-grey trousers or skirt/slacks, a blue-grey jumper: V-neck or round neck version, and an RAF blue beret with the RAF cap badge.<ref name="uniform"/><ref name="AP1358C"/><ref name="uniform4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They also wear a brassard to distinguish themselves as cadets.<ref name="AP1358C">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Except for the cap badge and brassard badge, this is identical to the uniform of the ATC and regulations for its wear can be found in ACP1358. Most RAF sections wear combat clothing, formerly the CS95 DPM standard, but many now wear Multi-terrain pattern uniform (MTP).<ref name="uniform3"/> Officers, Adult Warrant Officers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers and cadets wear RAFAC Cadet formation flash.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CadetsEdit
The MOD Sponsored Cadet Forces Statistics are published annually.<ref name="auto"/> Statistics are provided for the Community Cadets (the Sea Cadet Corps and Volunteer Cadet Corps (VCC), Army Cadet Force (ACF) and Air Training Corps (ATC)) and the Combined Cadet Force. The Volunteer Cadet Corps (VCC) is included in these statistics for the first time, as its status changed to become the fifth MOD sponsored cadet force in 2017.<ref name="service.gov.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Number of CCF Cadets (nationwide)Edit
The strength of CCF, both Cadets and CFAVs is published every year by the Office for National Statistics, usually in April.<ref name="gov.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Section | Cadets | |
|---|---|---|
| Army | 29,920<ref name="Stats 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| Royal Air Force | 8,960<ref name="Stats 2020" /> | |
| RN/RM | 6,140<ref name="Stats 2020" /> | |
| Total | 45,020<ref name="Stats 2020" /> |
In November 2019 the Government announced that it had achieved its target of 500 contingents under the Cadet Expansion Programme (CEP)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cadet ranksEdit
Template:See also All cadet ranks are standard non-commissioned ranks, prefixed by "Cadet". The highest rank depends on the size of the contingent, but are usually Cadet Regimental Sergeant Major, (Army and RM Sections) and Cadet Warrant Officer (RN and RAF Sections). Some contingents may have Junior (and sometimes Senior) Under Officers. Cadet Under Officers' rank badges are blue bands 12 mm wide across each shoulder slide, with the addition of the letters CCF underneath.
Cadets are promoted on their level of experience and their level of commitment to the cadet force. Also cadets are promoted on excellence or merit. Senior cadets' duty is to help the running of parades etc. and to help their Contingent Commander or another officer of their contingent.
The Naval Cadet that is in command of the naval section is also addressed as Coxswain.
Template:Ranks and Insignia of UK/CDT/CCF/RNTemplate:Ranks and Insignia of UK/CDT/CCF/RMTemplate:Ranks and Insignia of UK/CDT/CCF/ArmyTemplate:Ranks and Insignia of UK/CDT/CCF/RAFArmy cadets ranks share associated regiment's equivalent rank title (e.g. Corporal in the Royal Artillery becomes Bombardier.)
Cadet Force adult volunteers (CFAV)Edit
Cadet Force Adult Volunteers (CFAVs), who are the uniformed civilian staff that work in the school contingents, provide training to the cadets. Unlike the other cadet organisations (ATC/SCC/ACF), most adult volunteers are commissioned officers, the exception often being the School Staff Instructor (see below) and the newer position of Sergeant Instructor (SI).
CCF OfficersEdit
CCF officers are not members of the armed forces and are usually teachers or other school staff. As such they are not subject to military law, but are subject to CCF Regulations they are subordinate to officers in the Armed Forces whether Regular or Reserve. Until 2017 CCF (Army) and CCF (RAF) officers were in special categories of the reserves of their service whereas CCF (RN) Officers were 'appointed' and did not hold commissions. However, on 1 December 2017, the Cadet Forces Commission was introduced and since then this type of commission has been held by all CCF officers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TrainingEdit
- Officers in the Naval section of the CCF, undertake the six day CCF Royal Navy officer induction course training at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. It is commanded by a course officer (regular Naval Service) and at least two CFAVs to assist. The training is delivered by regular sailors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Similar to officers in the Army Cadet Force, CCF (Army) officers attend the Cadet Forces Commissions Board of the Army Officer Selection Board and must be approved by the Headmaster of the employing school and confirmed by the relevant Army Brigade in order to attend. Prospective officers may be appointed as an "Adult Under Officer", awaiting commissioning.<ref name="armycadets.com" />
- CCF (RAF) officers attend the RAFAC Command and Leadership course and undertake the five day RAF Air Cadets Officers and NCO's combined Initial Course at RAF College Cranwell, as Acting Pilot Officer. Upon successful completion of the course, they are awarded their Cadet Forces Commission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their rank slides are similar to their RAF counterparts, with the addition of the text 'RAF Air Cadets' underneath the displayed rank.<ref name="AC101 Ranks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
All CCF adult induction/basic/initial courses cover the basic skills needed for CFAVs who wish to serve in the CCF, such as drill and turnout, leadership and teamwork tasks, weapon training, navigation, etc.
School Staff Instructors (SSI)Edit
Supporting officers in the running of the Contingent is the School Staff Instructor (SSI) - usually a retired Senior Non-commissioned Officer (SNCO) or Warrant Officer. Although they are civilians, they retain their rank as a courtesy and are employed by the school to instruct and assist in the running of the Contingent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Whilst the majority of the SSIs are (former) SNCOs it is also possible for them to be a Cadet Forces commissioned officer. There is usually only one SSI per Contingent and they are also supported by other external staff, including the RN's Area Instructors, various Brigade Cadet Training Teams (CTTs) and RAF TEST SNCOs.
Civilian Instructors (CI)Edit
Like the community cadet forces, some Contingents may have one or more Civilian Instructors (CI). These are adult volunteers who may instruct in either a specialist (first aid, signals, etc.) or more generalised role when the establishment level of officers does not include sufficient suitably qualified and experienced personnel to teach these subjects. Many are members of staff at the school.<ref name="combined_cadet_force">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| RN (CCF) RNR | Chief Petty Officer | No equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| CPO | ||
| File:British Royal Navy OR-7.svg | ||
| Army (Cadet Forces) | Staff Sergeant Instructor | Sergeant Instructor |
| SSI | SI | |
| File:CFAV Staff Sergeant Instructor.svg | File:CFAV Sergeant Instructor.svg | |
| RAF (RAFAC) | Flight Sergeant RAFAC | Sergeant RAFAC |
| FS RAFAC | Sgt RAFAC | |
| File:RAFAC FS.png | File:RAFAC Sgt.png |
Adult StrengthEdit
The strength of CCF CFAVs is published every year by the Office for National Statistics, usually in April.<ref name="gov.uk"/> At 1 April 2020 it was:
| Section | CFAV |
|---|---|
| Army | 2,170<ref name="Stats 2020" /> |
| Royal Air Force | 570<ref name="Stats 2020" /> |
| RN/RM | 600<ref name="Stats 2020" /> |
| Total | 3,340<ref name="Stats 2020" /> |
Officer ranksEdit
CCF (RN) ranks are almost the same as for RN (and RNR) officers (with the post-nominals 'RNR' used only in writing, not on insignia) but their rank braid is 'wavy' as used in the past by the RNVR.
CCF (Army) officers are required<ref name="armycadets.com"/> to wear a "CCF" title on their rank slides, epaulettes, or other part of their uniform as appropriate in addition to any insignia of affiliated Army regiment or corps. Some contingents may also have the school or college name on rank slides.
CCF (RAF) Officers wear 'RAF Air Cadets' on their rank sides, as although they are CCF, they are part of the wider Air Cadets family.
Since the introduction of the Cadet Forces Commission, ranks do not indicate membership of the British Armed Forces.
| RN ((CCF) RNR) | Commander (CCF) RNR | Lieutenant Commander (CCF) RNR | Lieutenant (CCF) RNR | Sub Lieutenant (CCF) RNR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cdr (CCF) RNR | Lt Cdr (CCF) RNR | Lt (CCF) RNR | Sub Lt (CFF) RNR | ||||
| File:RNVR CDR.png | File:RNVR LTCDR.png | File:RNVR LT.png | File:RNVR SLT.png | ||||
| Army (Cadet Forces) | Lieutenant Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | Adult Under Officer | |
| Lt Col (CCF) | Maj (CCF) | Capt (CCF) | Lt (CCF) | 2 Lt (CCF) | AUO | ||
| File:CCF Lieutenant Colonel Rank slide.png | File:CCF Major Rank slide.png | File:CCF Captain Rank slide.png | File:CCF Lieutenant Rank slide.png | File:CCF Second Lieutenant Rank slide.png | CCF AUO rank slide | ||
| RAF (RAFAC) | Wing Commander | Squadron Leader | Flight Lieutenant | Flying Officer | Pilot Officer | Acting Pilot Officer | Officer Cadet |
| Wg Cdr (RAFAC) | Sqn Ldr (RAFAC) | Flt Lt (RAFAC) | Fg Off (RAFAC) | Plt Off (RAFAC) | A/Plt Off (RAFAC) | O/Cdt (RAFAC) | |
| File:RAFAC WC.jpg | File:RAFAC SL.jpg | File:RAFAC FL.jpg | File:RAFAC FO.jpg | File:RAFAC PO.jpg | File:Acting Pilot Officer.jpg | File:RAFAC OC.jpg | |
Cadet trainingEdit
Each of the CCF sections have different syllabi with a degree of overlap. All the sections learn drill and all cadets are trained to fire the L98A2 5.56 mm Cadet General Purpose rifle, a semi-automatic only version of the L85A2 used by the UK armed forces. There are also opportunities to fire the L144 A1 Cadet Small Bore Target Rifle (CSBTR) and the L81 Cadet Target Rifle.
The MoD allocates over five and half million rounds of 5.56mm ammunition to Cadet Training each year.<ref>https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/army-cadets-ammunition-levels-sufficient/?</ref>
Edit
Cadets in the Royal Navy section receive instruction in boat-work and other naval subjects (including flying with the Fleet Air Arm). The Royal Navy also offers many CCF courses during the school holidays which are open to any members of any CCF.
| CCF RN Ships File:Naval Section Combined Cadet Force Ensign.jpg | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Type | Class | Length (ft) | |
| MV Blue Swan | Motor Boat | Talisman | 49 | |
| MV Black Swan | Motor Boat | Talisman | 49 | |
| SV Cornish Air | Sloop | Rustler | 36 | |
| STC Amaryllis | Sloop | |||
| TS Dragon | Sloop | |||
| TS Phoenix | Sloop | |||
Royal Marine SectionEdit
The Royal Marines section, although a part of the Navy, tend to train independently, covering battle drills, weapons handling and marksmanship, fieldcraft, camouflage and concealment and the history of the Royal Marines.
Army sectionEdit
The Army section follows the Army Proficiency Certificate (APC) subjects such as drill and turnout, skill at arms, shooting, map and compass, fieldcraft and first aid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Royal Air Force sectionEdit
As CCF (RAF) sections form part of the larger Royal Air Force Air Cadets, they are eligible to undertake the same syllabus and training opportunities as the Air Training Corps: Template:Further
RAF section cadets are given the opportunity to fly in both powered aircraft, most notably the Grob Tutor and in unpowered gliders such as the Grob Viking; their training and flying courses are identical to those available to members of the Air Training Corps. Cadets can also be involved in a multitude of battle training and tactics as well as opportunities to fly in various aircraft from the RAF and allied nations. The section also learn about aerospace management, aircraft structure and propulsion, engineering, air power doctrine as well as an opportunity to see how most RAF stations, sections and wings or squadrons operate. As well as practical learning, RAF cadets also follow an academic syllabus. Cadets are usually taught "Part 1" before being expected to complete Parts 2 - 4 by themselves through the medium of Bader Learn. Completing Part 4, also known as the Master Cadet Award, leads to a BTEC Level 2 in Aerospace Studies (accredited by Pearson) being awarded, although CCF cadets, unlike those in the ATC, have to pay to receive this BTEC.
Cadets may also take part in regional and national competitions, such as the Air Squadron Trophy Competition.
Further trainingEdit
All sections can undertake leadership courses as well as adventurous training. There are also other courses available for cadets to enhance their skills, such as Junior and Senior Cadet Instructor Courses (JCIC, SCIC) and Method of Instruction (MOI).
See alsoEdit
Elements of the Community Cadet Forces
Other MoD sponsored or recognized cadet forces
Related articles
- Cadets (youth program)
- Cadet Vocational Qualification Organisation (CVQO)
- National Association of Training Corps for Girls
- Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
- Bermuda Cadet Corps
- Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps