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Commemorative Air Force

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox organization

The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), formerly known as the Confederate Air Force,<ref name=apnewsren>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is an American non-profit organization based in Dallas, Texas, that preserves and shows historical aircraft at airshows, primarily in the U.S. and Canada.

The CAF has about 13,000 members, more than 70 chapters, and more than 170 aircraft,<ref name=CAFMain>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including the world's largest collection of airworthy warbirds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

The origin of the Commemorative Air Force is the organization called the "Confederate Air Corps" created by Oscar Harper in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1953.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Failed verification Led by the fictional character "Thaddeus P. Throckmorton" and his recruiting officer "Jethro Culpepper", the CAC established several features that later became key characteristics of the CAF: folksy, tongue-in-cheek southern humor; a membership structure based on each member having the equal rank of colonel; and a rallying cry of "Semper, Mint Julep" ("Always Mint Julep").

File:North American P-51D Mustang, Commemorative Air Force JP7185281.jpg
The P-51D "Red Nose" was the first airplane of the CAF.

In 1957, Lloyd Nolen and four friends purchased a P-51 Mustang called "Red Nose", splitting the $1,500 cost.<ref>"CAF History." Template:Webarchive Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved: April 3, 2011.</ref><ref name="TStHA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1958, the group made their second purchase: two Grumman F8F Bearcats<ref name="TStHA" /> for $805 each. Along with the P-51, this gave the pilots two of the most-advanced piston-engine fighters to see service with the U.S. Army Air Forces and the United States Navy.

In 1960, the CAF began to seriously search for other World War II aircraft. The CAF colonels were shocked to find that the aircraft which played such a major role in winning World War II were being rapidly and systematically scrapped as obsolete with no efforts, not even by the Air Force or Navy, to preserve any for display for future generations. The warbirds that remained airworthy were mostly in private hands modified for air racing or had been converted for commercial use as air freighters and aerial firefighters.

On September 6, 1961, the CAF was chartered as a nonprofit Texas corporation to restore and preserve World War II-era combat aircraft.<ref name="NBCMove">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the end of the year, the CAF owned nine aircraft. By 1963, the group had achieved their initial goal of acquiring one of each fighter plane operated by U.S. forces during World War II.<ref name="TStHA" /> They held their first airshow on March 10, 1963.<ref name="AIRSHO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Boeing B-29 Superfortress (19926000422).jpg
The CAF added the B-29 FIFI in the 1970s.

In 1965, the first museum building was completed at old Rebel Field, Mercedes, Texas. The CAF created a new Rebel Field at Harlingen, Texas, and moved there in 1968,<ref name="TStHA" /> occupying three large buildings including Template:Convert of museum space. By the end of the decade, the CAF fleet had added medium and heavy bombers such as the North American B-25 Mitchell, B-17, Consolidated B-24 Liberator. In 1971, they bought one of the two airworthy Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, FIFI.

In 1976, the CAF sponsored an air show in Harlingen, Texas in which a B-29 bomber piloted by Paul Tibbets, the pilot who flew the B-29 which bombed Hiroshima during World War II, reenacted the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (including a mock mushroom cloud). This air show prompted the Japanese government to lodge a formal complaint with the United States Embassy, resulting in the U.S. government issuing an apology.<ref name="NYTHiro">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1983, the American Airpower Heritage Foundation was founded to financially support the CAF.<ref name="TStHA" />

The group's accomplishments were recognized in 1989 with a National Aviation Hall of Fame Spirit of Flight Award.<ref name="SOF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That year, Texas Governor William Clements signed a resolution designating the CAF the air force of Texas.<ref name="TStHA" />

In 1990, the CAF added two corporations.<ref name="TStHA" /> The first was the American Airpower Heritage Flying Museum, tasked with obtaining and maintaining the CAF's aircraft titles. The second was the American Airpower Heritage Museum, which acquired and maintained the CAF's non-aircraft pieces and static displays.<ref name="TStHA" /> In September 1990, CAF joined a statewide anti-littering campaign (Don't Mess With Texas), filming a low-level, high-speed pass of the B-17 Sentimental Journey on a mock bombing run of a highway-littering pickup truck, as part of a 30-second television spot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:That's All Brother May 2019.jpg
The CAF C-47 That's All, Brother was the plane that led the parachute assault on Normandy during D-Day.

In 1991, the CAF moved operations to Midland, Texas,<ref name="NBCMove"/> where the group opened the CAF Airpower Museum and the American Combat Airman Hall of Fame.

In April 2014, the CAF announced the move of their headquarters and all of the planes associated with the headquarters to Dallas Executive Airport in Dallas, Texas.<ref name="NBCMove"/><ref name="AOPA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CBSExec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum and its artifacts (including the nose art collection) were moved to the new headquarters,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which it operates as the Henry B. Tippie National Aviation Education Center.

In 2015, the CAF acquired the C-47 That's All, Brother, the plane that led the parachute assault on Normandy during D-Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Accidents and incidentsEdit

On September 28, 1995, a Martin B-26 Marauder operated by CAF crashed near Odessa, Texas, killing all five crew members.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.<ref name=inc>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On April 14, 2001, the CAF pilot of a Fairchild PT-19A was killed in a crash shortly after takeoff at Midland International Airport; the plane's one passenger survived.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The NTSB cited the pilot's "failure to maintain airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On May 14, 2001, both CAF crew members aboard a Vultee BT-13A died in a crash southeast of Odessa, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On June 16, 2005, a PT-26 Cornell operated by CAF crashed in Williamson, Georgia, killing both crew members.<ref name=inc/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The NTSB found that the pilot "attempted a takeoff with flaps extended."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On November 12, 2022, during the Wings Over Dallas airshow, two planes owned and operated by CAF—a Bell P-63F and the Boeing B-17G Texas Raiders—suffered a mid-air collision that killed six people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

MembershipEdit

Template:As of, the Commemorative Air Force had more than 13,000 members,<ref name=CAFMain></ref> in more than 70 regional groups, called wings or detachments, in 27 states and five countries.<ref name="WBNews">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several hundred members actively serve as pilots and flight and/or maintenance crew members committed to preserving American combat aviation heritage. The CAF is an all-volunteer organization, made up of members from all backgrounds. Membership is open to everyone age 18 or older, and cadet membership is available for those over 12 years of age. Although a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt group,<ref name="WBNews"/><ref name="NPstatus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the CAF has received financial incentives from state and local governments to move to Dallas and operate in Midland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

OrganizationEdit

The American Airpower Heritage Group is the parent organization and is made up of four corporations:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • The Commemorative Air Force, the membership association
  • A foundation that controls the financial assets and endowment
  • A museum that manages the non-flying artifacts
  • A flying museum that operates the flying aircraft

NameEdit

The original name, Confederate Air Force, alluding to the Confederate States of America, started as a joke about the organization's ragtag beginnings. As the collection of warbirds at Central Valley Airport in Mercedes, Texas, started to grow, one member painted the name on the side of the original North American P-51 Mustang Red Nose. The name stuck, and it grew to the point where the airport was renamed Rebel Field, all members were called "colonels" (a tradition which still remains), and it led to the creation of a fictitious leader named Colonel Jethro E. Culpepper. A blood chit written on the backs of flight suits and flight jackets stated, "This is a CAF aviator. If found lost or unconscious, please hide him from Yankees, revive with mint julep and assist him in returning to friendly territory. CONFEDERATE AIR FORCE."

File:T6texantotero convert.jpg
T-6 Texan converted to resemble a Mitsubishi A6M Zero as flown by the Commemorative Air Force's Tora! Tora! Tora! group

In November 2000, the group voted to rename, using the initials "CAF" until a permanent name was selected.<ref name=apnewsren/> Following a 2001 membership vote, the group changed its name to "Commemorative Air Force", effective January 1, 2002.<ref name="TStHA" /> Many felt the name Confederate Air Force was confusing, did not accurately reflect the purpose of the organization, and was detrimental to fundraising efforts.<ref>"CAF News 2001 Press Release." Template:Webarchive Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved: August 14, 2007.</ref> According to CAF chief of staff Ray Kinney, "In many people's minds, the word 'confederacy' brings up the image of slavery and discrimination. We, in no way, are associated with that kind of stuff. So, it gives us, in a way, a black eye."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

AircraftEdit

File:N61429 (7810308426).jpg
P-51C Mustang in Tuskegee Airmen markings
File:B-24 'Diamond Lil'.jpg
B-24 "Diamond Lil" from the Commemorative Air Force collection. Airframe was returned to B-24A configuration in 2007.<ref>"CAF "Diamond Lil" back to B-24A configuration." Template:Webarchive Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved: August 14, 2007.</ref>
File:B17 - Chino Airshow 2014 (framed).jpg
The CAF B-17G Sentimental Journey tours annually from her base at Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona.<ref>Boeing B-17G "Flying Fortress" Template:Webarchive.</ref>
File:North American T-6 Texan - Nella (07).jpg
T-6 Texan, named Nella, ready for take-off

Template:As of, the CAF owned 179 aircraft, a collection known as the CAF Ghost Squadron.<ref>"CAF Facts and Information." Template:Webarchive Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved: July 22, 2007.</ref> Its aircraft range from the small Stinson L-5 Sentinel and Ryan PT-22 to the giant Boeing B-29 Superfortress; the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress; and the Consolidated Liberator B Mk I/B-24A Liberator AM927. Many of the CAF aircraft are rare; the CAF operates one of only two flying examples of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and the only remaining flightworthy Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. Others, such as the B-24/LB-30 Liberator; the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero; and the Douglas SBD Dauntless are one of only two or three of that type left flying today. The CAF also operates Axis and Warsaw Pact aircraft such as the MiG 17 Fresco C.

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AIRSHOEdit

File:CAFAirshowFormation.jpg
Formation pass during the 2008 CAF AIRSHO

AIRSHO is a yearly event at Midland International Airport showcasing the CAF's aircraft.<ref name="AIRSHO"/> Because its aircraft tend to be spread out over large geographic distances, and most Ghost Squadron aircraft rarely fly more than a few hours from their home base, AIRSHO is also an opportunity for CAF members to meet up. Ghost Squadron aircraft usually attend AIRSHO every other year. The CAF AIRSHO is the largest warbird air show in the world, with more than eighty warbirds flying per show.Template:Citation needed

Wings and squadronsEdit

The CAF has more than 80 wings and squadrons. Starting in 2013, a limited number of larger units may be designated as an "airbase." The first is Airbase Arizona, located at Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona and redesignated in June 2013. Most CAF units are in the United States, but there are three outside the country.

US wings and squadronsEdit

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  • Alabama
    • Birmingham – Birmingham Escadrille<ref name="CAFUnitMap">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

    • Tanner – Rocket City Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Alaska
    • Anchorage – Col Hunt Alaska Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Arkansas
    • Little Rock – Razorback Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Arizona
    • Mesa – Airbase Arizona at Falcon Field<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • California
    • Camarillo – Southern California Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Modesto – Central California Valley Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Riverside – Inland Empire Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Upland – FM-2 Wildcat Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Colorado
    • Broomfield – Mile High Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Grand Junction – Rocky Mountain Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Florida
    • DeLand – Florida Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Lakeland – Tampa Bay Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Pensacola – Floribama Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Georgia
    • Peachtree City – Airbase Georgia<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Indiana
    • Indianapolis – Indiana Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Iowa
    • Council Bluffs – Great Plains Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Kansas
    • Kansas City – Heart of America Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Wichita – Jayhawk Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Louisiana
    • Hammond – Bayou State Escadrille<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • New Orleans – Big Easy Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Minnesota
    • Red Wing – Red Tail Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • South St. Paul – Minnesota Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Mississippi
    • Madison – Mississippi Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Missouri
    • St. Charles – Missouri Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Montana
    • Bozeman – Big Sky Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Nevada
    • Reno – High Sierra Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • New Hampshire
    • North Hampton – New England Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • New York
    • Wappingers Falls – Hudson Valley Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • New Mexico
    • Albuquerque – Lobo Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Ohio
    • Marysville – Buckeye Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Oklahoma
    • Enid – Lady Liberty Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Guymon – Cimmaron Strip Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Oklahoma City – Sierra Hotel Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Tulsa – Spirit of Tulsa Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Rhode Island
    • Westerly – Sea Control Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • South Dakota
    • Sioux Falls – Joe Foss Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Tennessee
    • Lebanon – Music City Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Memphis – Delta Blues Squadron/Memphis Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Texas
    • Aransas Pass – Maxine Flourney 3rd Coast Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Burnet – Highland Lakes Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Conroe – Gulf Coast Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Corsicana – Coyote Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Dallas – P-40 Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Dallas – Training Squadron One (TRARON)<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Dallas – WASP Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Dallas – B-29/B-24 Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Fort Worth – Bucket of Bolts Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Fort Worth – Invader Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Gainesville – Ground Forces Detachment<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Georgetown – Devil Dog Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Granbury – Comanche Peak Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Houston – Houston Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Lancaster – Dallas/Fort Worth Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Marshall – Lone Star Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Midland – Blastards Detachment<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Midland – High Sky Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Midland – West Texas Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Odessa – Desert Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Pearland – Tora Sponsor Group<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • San Antonio – Tex Hill Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • San Marcos – Centex Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Utah
  • Virginia
    • Culpeper – Capital Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Washington
    • Everett – Rainier Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Richland – Day's Pay<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Wisconsin
    • Superior – Lake Superior Squadron<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Waukesha – Wisconsin Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • National units
    • EOD Detachment<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Marshalling Detachment<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
    • Security Detachment<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>

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International wings and squadronsEdit

  • France
    • Saint-Ange-le-Viel — French Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • New Zealand
    • Auckland — New Zealand Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>
  • Switzerland
    • Olten — Swiss Wing<ref name="CAFUnitMap"/>

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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External linksEdit

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